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GCSE Physics AQA


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[Front]


Name all of the energy stores
[Back]


Kinetic, Heat, Light, Gravitational potential, Chemical, Sound, Elastic potential, Electrostatic, Nuclear

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Name all of the energy stores
Kinetic, Heat, Light, Gravitational potential, Chemical, Sound, Elastic potential, Electrostatic, Nuclear
Law of conservation of energy?
Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but can never be created or destroyed.
What is conduction?
Where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles.
What is convection?
Where energetic particles move from hotter to cooler regions.
How are convection currents created?
Radiators heat air particles by conduction/ Air becomes warmer and less dense/ Warm air rises and is replaced by cool air/ Cool air is heated/ Previously heated air transfers energy to surroundings and cool/ Cooling air becomes denser and sinks/ Cycle repeats
Ways to reduce unwanted energy transfers (and how it does it)
Lubrication- reduces frictional forces Insulation- reduces rate of energy lost through thermal transfer
Method to investigate effectiveness of materials as thermal insulators
Put set mass of boiled water in sealed container, take initial temperature, leave for 5 minutes, measure final temperature, get rid of water and leave container to cool, repeat experiment wrapping container in different materials each time with varying thicknesses, plot results on graph
Control variable for insulator experiment
Initial temperature of water, mass of water, container
Dependent variable for insulator experiment
Change of temperature from initial to final
How to measure insulator experiment dependent variable?
Initial temperature - final temperature
What does a small temperature change indicate?
A good insulator as minimal heat has escaped the container
Names all non-renewable resources
Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear
Name all renewable energy resources
Solar, wind, tidal, hydro-electric, biofuel, geothermal
Advantages of wind power
No pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, no damage to landscape
Disadvantages of wind power
Turbines are noisy, spoil view, need lots to supply demand, high initial costs
Advantages of solar power
No pollution whilst using, reliable source of energy, low running costs, free energy
Disadvantages of solar power
Pollution during manufacture, ineffective at night, can't increase power output, high initial costs, small scale
Advantages of geothermal power
Free energy, reliable, no pollution, generates electricity
Disadvantages of geothermal power
Minimal suitable locations for power plants, high initial and running costs
Advantages of hydro-electric power
Immediate response for increased demand, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, reliable
Disadvantages of hydro-electric power
Habitat loss in valleys flooded, high initial costs, small scale
Advantages of wave power
No pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs
Disadvantages of wave power
Disturbs sea beds and habitats, hazard to boats, spoil view, unreliable, high initial costs
Advantages of tidal barrages
No pollution, reliable, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, generate significant amount of energy
Disadvantages of tidal barrages
Prevent free access for boats, spoil view, alter wildlife habitats, high initial costs
What are bio-fuels?
Renewable energy resources created from plant products or animal dung
Advantages of bio-fuels
Reliable, carbon neutral, short time to grow crops
Disadvantages of bio-fuels
High costs, don't meet immediate energy demands, loss of natural habitats to make space for bio-fuel crops
How can acid rain be reduced?
Taking sulphur out of fuels before they are burned
3 environmental issues of non-renewables
Open cast mining, oil spillages, nuclear waste
2 reasons for using more renewable energy
Public and international pressure, lack of non-renewables
3 limitations of the use of renewables
Money- cost of building new power plants Reliability- not as effective as fossil fuels Politics- arguments over where power plants should go and ethics
Series circuit definition
All components are connected in lines end to end between +ve and -ve of power supply
Ek=
1/2 x m x v^2
Ep
M x g x h
Ee=
1/2 x k x e^2
Change in thermal energy=
Mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
Potential difference in series?
P.d. is shared across components
What is potential difference?
Energy transferred per charge passed
Current in series?
Current is the same everywhere
How is energy transmitted across the National Grid?
Transmits electricity at high p.d. (400 000V) and low current across the UK from power stations to homes and industry.
What do step-up transformers have?
More turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil.
Resistance in series?
Total resistance of two components is the sum of their resistance
What do step-up transformers do?
Increase the p.d to 400 000V, reducing current.
What do step-down transformers have?
More turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil.
Parallel circuit definition?
Each component is separately connected to the +ve and -ve power supply
What do step-down transformers do?
Reduce p.d from 400 000V, increasing current.
Potential different in parallel?
Same across all components
How is the efficiency of energy transfer increased in the National Grid?
The current doesn't heat the cables as much as a higher current would, so less heat is loss by thermal dissipation.
What causes a static charge?
A transfer of electrons between insulating materials rubbed together, leaving them oppositely charged.
Current in parallel?
Total of all currents through separate components
After a polythene rod and a cloth duster are rubbed together which has which charge? What has happened?
Rod- negative Cloth- positive Electrons transferred from cloth onto rod.
After an acetate rod and a cloth duster are rubbed together which has which charge? What has happened?
Rod- positive Cloth- negative Electrons transferred from the rod to the cloth.
How is a spark caused from the electric charge?
When the p.d. between the object and the earth gets large enough, electrons can jump between the gap causing a spark.
Where are electric fields found?
Around any charged object
What happens as you increase the distance between charged objects?
The strength of field decreases and the force between them decreases
What does a strong field do to air particles?
It removes electrons (ionises), allowing current to flow through it.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
No atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
How to find density of a solid object?
Measure mass. If regular solid measure l, w, h and then calculate volume. If irregular, submerge in eureka can, measure volume of water displaced it will equal object's volume. Use density formula with calculated mass and volume
How to find density of a liquid?
Measure mass of 10ml of liquid in a measuring cylinder. Add another 10ml and record new mass and volume. Repeat roughly 10 times. Find density of each measurement. Take average of all calculated densities for liquid density.
Arrangement of particles in solids
Held in fixed regular positions by strong forces of attraction
Arrangement of particles in a liquid
Form irregular arrangements as there are weaker forces of attraction
Arrangements of particles in a gas
No structure, free to move in random directions at high speeds as there are almost no forces of attraction
Density in solids
High density, particles closest together
Density in liquids
Less dense than solids, particles further apart
Density in gases
Low density, particles freely moving
How is mass conserved during changes of state?
No particles are created or destroyed, only particles' arrangement or closeness changes.
Internal energy definition
The total energy its particles contain in their kinetic and potential energy stores
Specific Heat Capacity definition
Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1degree celcius
Specific Heat Capacity unit
J / kg degrees celcius
Specific Latent Heat definition
Energy needed to change a 1kg substance's state without changing its temperature
What do electrons do once [_] is absorbed?
They move to a higher energy level further from the nucleus
Which radiation is used in radiotherapy and why?
Gamma- least ionising, leaves the body quickly, short half-life
What happens if electrons release [_] instead of absorbing it?
They move to a lower energy level closer to the nucleus
Which radiation is used in radiotherapy and why?
Gamma- least ionising, leaves the body quickly, short half-life