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perception ears and eyes


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[Front]


where is and what is the function of the lacrimal gland (accessory organs)
[Back]


located in the upper margin of both eyes and it is where tears come out of

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Where is and what is the function of the lacrimal gland (accessory organs)
Located in the upper margin of both eyes and it is where tears come out of
Lacrimal ducts where is it located and what is the function (accessory organs)
To drain tears on to the conjunctiva to be drained in to the lacrimal canal and sacs and it is located beside the lacrimal gland upper region of the eye
Function of the lacrimal canals sacs and ducts (accessory organs) and what is the Puncta
Lacrimal canals and sacs take the tears from the ducts but cant drain all and hence why tears are visible puncta is the opening of the lacrimal glands
What is the iris
Iris is the coloured part of the eye
Ciliary muscles function
Controls the shape of the lens
What does intrinsic mean
Muscles inside the eye
What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye
Superior rectus , inferior rectus , medial rectus and lateral rectus Superior and inferior oblique muscles. upper and under the eye
What is the cornea
Cornea is the clear bubble on top of the iris
Sclera
Sclera is the white around the eye
Function of the choroid (part of the middle layer of the eye)
To provide nutrients and O2 to the sclera and retina
Function of the ciliary body and location
Produces some of the eye fluids and adjusts the shape of lens to focus the image to the retina. located in the anterior region of the eye
Function of the iris and location
Controls the amount of light entering the eye. located in front of the ciliary body
Function of the retina
The retina is responsible for capturing light and sent to the rods and cones and a impulse is sent to the bipolar cells and a the ganglion neurons collects the information from the rods and cones
Where is the retina located
Located superior region of the eye in the inner layer (posterior cavity)
Cavities of the eye
Anterior and posterior cavity
Where is the anterior cavity located
Is located in front of the lens, & can be further divided into anterior & posterior chambers
Where is the posterior cavity located
Located within the entire space posterior to the lens, ligaments, & ciliary body
Humors in the eye
Aqueous and vitreous humors
Function of the aqueous humor and where is it located
A clear, watery fluid flows through the eye located in the visible part of the eye creates an ‘intraocular pressure’ to inflate the eyeball & help retain its shape.
Vitreous humor function
Helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing, stabilises & keeps the eyeball inflated (intraocular pressure), supporting the retina
What is the fovea centralis function
When light hits the fovea centralis it is then changed into a electrical impulse sends it to the brain. - responisble for sharp central vision like reading
How we see
The pathway between the photoreceptors & the brain, is called the Visual Pathway So, for us to see an image, that image needs to be sent to the retina The retina stimulates the rods/cones, basal, ganglion neurons Once these neurons are stimulated, they forward the image onward via the cranial nerve II Onward to the cerebral cortex for interpretation
Intepretation of the image to the brain
As the image enters the eye, sensory nerve fibres carry it onward to the brain for interpretation Information coming from the left visual field is transmitted to the right cerebral hemisphere Two sets of fibres are received by the retina, the temporal & nasal fibres The temporal fibres continues on its pathway, the nasal fibres cross at the optic chiasma So the right nasal fibres are received on the left side of the brain & the left nasal fibres are received on the right side of the brain The image travels onward to the visual cortex
Optic axis
Array of transmitted light
Conjunctiva function (accessory organs of the eye)
The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
Regions of the ear
Outer ear, middle ear and inner ear
Names of the small bones in the ear
Malleus, incus and stapes located in the middle ear
Function of the ossicles
Arranged in a away to transmit sound vibrations function is to send sound waves to the inner ear
Tympanic membrane function
After the outer ear has collected sound it hits the tympanic membrane which vibrates sending the vibrations to the ossicles
Where is earwax produced
Ceruminous glands
Swimmers ear medical term
Otitis media, occurs in the midde due to water coming in
Where does the eustachian tube lead to
The eustachian tube connects the middle ear and the pharynx
Function of the eustachian tube
The function of the eustachian tube is to equalise the pressure in the middle ear to the atmosphere
Difference between an adults eustachian tube and a childs
The difference is that a child's eustachian tube is more horizontal and shorter making it easier for pathogens to travel to the middle ear, where as in adults the eustachian tube is more vertical and longer.
The function of the vestibules?
The function of the vestibules are informing the body the postion of the head wheter you are upside down or up right,
The function of the semicircular canals?
Semilunar canals are three small tubes filled with fluid which helps you keep your balance
Function of the ganglion nuerons in the eye
To collect the information that the rods and cones have collected
Function of the rods and cones
Rods collect black and white information and the cones collect couloured information
Cavities in the eye
Anterior, and posterior
Location of the anterior cavity of the eye
Anterior is in front of the lens and full of aqueos humour
Humours in the eye
Aqueos and vitreous
What is and where the is the aqueous humour located in the eye
Found in both posterior and anterior chambers of the eye, it is a clear watery fluid secreted by the capiliary blood where it is stored as it flows through the eye this helps keeps the eyes shape and retain its shape, needs to remain constant if the pressure changes then it could lead to blindness
What is and where is the vitreous humour located in the eye
Found in the posterior region of the eye which is 99% water and 1% collagen fibre contributes to intraocular pressure and helps prevent eyeball from collapsing there keeping it inflated which supports the retina
Location of the posterior cavity in the eye
Posterior cavity is the entire space behind the lens
External accessory structures of the eye
Eye lashes, eye brows, eye lids, canthus, conjunctiva
Vascular layer in the eye
Vascular layer of the eye contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
Function of the choroid
The function of the choroid is it provides the retina and sclera with o2 and nutrients Melanin gives it a dark brown colour, this colour is to reduce glare & reflection back
Function of the ciliary body
Produces humours and adjusts the shape of the lens
Landmarks when doing a otoscopy examination on the ear
You can see the tympanic membrane and the cone of light, you can also see the malleus and incus the colour of the ear canal is also a pearly grey colour
Assessments of the ear
Otoscopy examination, whispered voice test and finger rubbing test
How is the whispered voice test used
Stand in front or side of the client. Ask them to cover one ear, shield your mouth to avoid lip reading, say simple words in soft whisper, eg ball chair cat Repeat with other ear
How is the finger rubbing test used
Hold a hand a few cm’s from the client ear and rub fingers together repeatedly with the other ear.
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct in the eye
It connects the lacrimal ducts to the inferior meatus of the nose