Hypertension
🇬🇧
In Inglés
In Inglés
Practique preguntas conocidas
Manténgase al día con sus preguntas pendientes
Completa 5 preguntas para habilitar la práctica
Exámenes
Examen: pon a prueba tus habilidades
Course needs 15 questions
Aprenda nuevas preguntas
Popular en este curso
Aprende con fichas
Modos dinámicos
InteligenteMezcla inteligente de todos los modos
PersonalizadoUtilice la configuración para ponderar los modos dinámicos
Modo manual [beta]
Seleccione sus propios tipos de preguntas y respuestas
Otros modos disponibles
Completa la oración
Escuchar y deletrearOrtografía: escribe lo que escuchas
elección múltipleModo de elección múltiple
Expresión oralResponde con voz
Expresión oral y comprensión auditivaPractica la pronunciación
EscrituraModo de solo escritura
Hypertension - Marcador
Hypertension - Detalles
Niveles:
Preguntas:
14 preguntas
🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
When does BP rise to a maximum | Rises to a maximum in systole- the systolic pressure |
How do you calculate BP and CO | BP = CO * TPR CO = HR * SV |
When does BP rise to a minimum | Falls to a minimum in diastole- the diastolic pressure |
What does stroke volume depend on ( what factors ) | Preload → venous return Load → inherent pumping power ( contractility ) Afterload → = pressure against which the heart must pump ( pressure in the aorta ) |
What are the 2 mechanisms for control of Blood Pressure | Fast acting for immediate pressure changes Baroreceptor reflexes act on heart (CO) and blood vessels (TPR) via autonomics ( Sympathetic and Parasympathetic ) Slow acting long term responses act on RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System) via kidneys to regulate blood volume |
What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension | Primary hypertension --> Unknown cause , most common Secondary hypertension --> Defined cause, e.g. renal , endocrine or pregnancy |
What are the 2 pathophysiology of hypertension in the heart | Muscle hypertrophy - Left ventricle works harder to combat high wall pressure - Due to muscle hypertrophy, there is higher demand of oxygen which could lead to LV ischemia and failure→ pulmonary congestion and oedema Atherosclerosis : - Endothelial damage in coronary arteries by atheroma which leads to loss of elasticity and hardening - Narrowing and reduced oxygen supply - Angina →infarction → heart failure |
What are the 2 mechanisms of a stroke and TIA can be caused in the brain | Atherosclerotic plaques or thrombi in carotid or cerebral vessels which can embolize and block brain vessels Brain micro-aneurysms can rupture → hemorrhagic stroke |
What are some causes of secondary hypertension | Renal : renal artery stenosis, glomerulonephritis Endocrine : Cushing syndrome adrenocortical hyperplasia Conn syndrome primary hyperaldosteronism Pheochromocytoma Thyroid dysfunction Mechanical : coarctation of the aorta Pregnancy : pre-eclampsia and hypertension |
What can happen due to hypertension in the kidneys | Nephrosclerosis damages vessel walls of nephron Reduced blood supply leading to ischaemia Which can lead to atrophy of renal glomeruli and tubules Progressive renal failure |
How would you diagnose hypertension | BP > 140/90 at clinic BP > 135/85 after ABPM or HBPM Also examine retina by fundoscopy, Femoral pulses and Renal bruit |
What are some investigations for hypertension | ECG - for left ventricle hypertrophy Echocardiogram Blood --> U/E, cholesterol, glucose and steriods Urine --> Protein, blood Renal ultrasound |
What is a hypertensive emergency | BP > 200/130 with evidence of organ damage Headache, visual disturbance Papilloedema + retinal haemorrhages Encephalopathy, heart failure, renal failure |
What are some management strategies for hypertension | If it is secondary then treat the cause If primary then there are 2 ways Non-drugs --> Lifestyle changes Drugs --> Angiotensin blcokers ( ACEi/ARB ) , Calcium channel blockers , Diuretics and beta blockers Annual Review |