Human Structure and Function Test 1
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Human Structure and Function Test 1 - Marcador
Human Structure and Function Test 1 - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Gross, Surface, Microscopic, Developmental | Levels of anatomy |
| Atoms combine to form molecules | Chemical level |
| Molecules combine to form organelles | Cellular level |
| Numerous cells join together to form a tissue | Tissue level |
| Tissues form organs | Organ level |
| Organ system level | One or more organs make up a system |
| Characteristics of organisms | Organisation, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction (OMGRDR) |
| Metabolism | Chemical reactions taking place in an organism |
| Purpose of anatomical position | Gives point of reference to describe parts of body |
| Supine | Person laying face up |
| Prone | Person laying face down |
| Sagittal plane | Runs vertically down body. left and right portions |
| Frontal plane | Runs vertically from right to left. divides in to anterior and posterior. aka coronal |
| Transverse plane | Runs parallel to ground. divides in to superior and inferior. aka horizontal |
| Oblique plane | Does not run parallel to frontal or transverse plane |
| Body cavities | Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic (and abdominopelvic) |
| Parts of Thoracic cavity | Mediastinum, Diaphragm |
| Mediastinum | Divides thoracic cavity. oesophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus and heart |
| Subdivisions of abdomen | R and L Upper quadrant, R and L lower quadrant |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Upper R = ? | Right Hypochondriac region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Top centre = ? | Epigastric region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Upper L =? | Left hypochondriac region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Middle R =? | Right lumber region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Centre =? | Umbilical region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Middle L =? | Left lumbar region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Lower R =? | Right iliac region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. bottom centre =? | Hypogastric region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. lower L =? | Left iliac region |
| Serous membranes | Line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover organs within the cavities |
| 2 layers of serous membranes | Parietal, visceral |
| Parietal layer of serous membranes | Lines the trunk cavity |
| Visceral layer of serous membranes | Lines the organs |
| Serous fluid | Fills the cavity between the two layers and acts as a lubricant between organ and body wall |
| What is serous fluid important for? | Reducing friction. organs that move - eg heart |
| Heart serous membrane | Pericardium |
| Abdominopelvic cavity serous membrane | Peritoneum |
| What is a cell? | Structural and functional unit of all living things |
| 4 functional characteristics of cells? | Cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction |
| 3 functions of plasma membrane | Encloses and supports cellular contents, controls what goes in to cell and what comes out, role in intercellular communication |
| Plasma membrane structure | Lipid bilayer, carbohydrates, proteins, glycocalyx |
| What is glycocalyx? | Part of plasma membrane structure. outer surface of cell membrane |
| Components of glycocalyx | Glycoproteins, glycolipids, carbohydrates |
| What is the cytoplasm? | Cellular fluid material outside nucleus, but within boundaries of plasma membrane |
| What is found own cytoplasm? | Organelles and cytosol |
| What is cytosol? | Fluid portion of cytoplasm. ions and proteins in water |
| What are cytoplasmic inclusions? | Aggregates of chemicals |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | Supports the cell and its organelles. responsible for changes to shape of cell and movement of organelles. |
| Nucleus function | Control centre of cell. DNA carries code for structural and functional characteristics of cell. |
| Nucleus structure | Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus |
| Ribosomes function | Sites of protein synthesis |
| Ribosomes structure | 2 subunits -large and small. free ribosomes and membrane bound ribosomes. |
| ER structure | Flattened interconnecting sacs and tubules |
| Rough vs smooth ER | Rough = ribosomes, smooth = no ribosomes |
| Rough ER function | Synthesis and modification of proteins |
| Smooth ER function | Site of lipid, steroid and CHO synthesis, detoxification of harmful substances, breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Golgi apparatus structure | Flattened membranous sacs with cisternae. A secretory vesicle |
| Golfi Apparatus function | Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in rER |
| Lysosomes structure | Membrane bound vesicles that from at the GA |
| What do lysosomes contain? | Enzymes |
| Lysosome function | Cells demolition crew. digestion of molecules that are no longer needed by cell |
| Mitochondria structure | Outer membrane, inter membrane space, inner membrane, matrix |
| What do mitochondria do continuously? | Change shape |
| Which structure reproduces itself? | Mitochondria |
| Mitochondria function | Power plants of cell. ATP production and supply |
| Centrioles structure | Barrel shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other. wall is composed of microtubules. two centrioles found in centrosome |
| Centriole function | Cell division |
| Cilia structure | Whip like, motile cellular extensions which project from outer surfaces of certain cells. |
| Cilia function | Movement of substances across surface of cells |
| Flagella structure | Similar to cilia but longer. found on sperm cells only. move actual cell itself |
| Flagella function | Motility |
| Microvilli structure | Extensions of plasma membrane. non motile |
| Microvilli function | Increases cell's surface area |
| 5 steps of tissue prep | Removal, fixation, embedding, slicing, staining |
| What does eosin stain? | Not nuclei. other cell structures including cytoplasm |
| What points should be considered when viewing histological images? | Plane tissue has been cut and magnification of the image |
| 4 primary tissue types | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| CT purpose | Support |
| Muscle tissue purpose | Movement |
| Nervous tissue purpose | Control |
| Epithelial tissue does what? | Covers and protects, forms boundaries between different environments |
| What are the epithelial cell surfaces? | Free surface, lateral surface, basal surface |
| Is epithelial tissue avascular? innervated? | Yes and yes .does have nerve supply, does not have direct supply of blood vessels |
| Simple squamous epithelium function | Diffusion, filtration, some secretion |
| Simple squamous epithelium location | Alveoli of lungs, kidney glomeruli, serous membranes |