Name: General Physiology Lab
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An involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

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Reflex

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General Physiology Lab - Detalles

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An involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

Reflex

A reflex occurs via neural pathways in the nervous system called _____.

Reflex arcs

2 types of reflex arc

Autonomic reflex arc and Somatic reflex arc

Type of reflex arc that affecting cardiac + smooth muscles and glands

Autonomic reflex arc

Type of reflex arc that affecting skeletal muscles

Somatic reflex arc

Detects a stimulus

Receptor

Sends an electrical signal to the CNS

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Consists of one or more synapses in the CNS, and processes the information

Integration center

Sends an electrical signal from the CNS to the effector

Motor (efferent) neuron

May be muscle tissue or a gland, responds appropriately

Effector

Simplest reflex arcs

Single synapse

True/False: Slower response = delay increases with number of synapses involved

True

True/False: Shorter path = longer delay

False. Longer path = longer delay

True/False: Reflexes are usually elicited by stroking the skin or mucous membranes

True

Pathologic Reflexes: Stimulus: Stroking of lateral aspect of the sole of the foot Response: Big toe extension and fanning of the 4 lesser toes Significance: UMNL (Pyramidal Tract Lesion)

Babinski Reflex

Pathologic Reflexes: Stimulus: Stroking of lateral side of the foot beneath the lateral malleolus Response: Babinski like response Significance: UMNL (Pyramidal Tract Lesion)

Chaddocks Reflex

Pathologic Reflexes: Stimulus: Stroking of anteromedial tibial surface Response: Babinski like response Significance: UMNL (Pyramidal Tract Lesion)

Oppenheim Reflex

Pathological Reflexes: Stimulus: Squeezing of calf muscles firmly Response: Babinski like response Significance: UMNL (Pyramidal Tract Lesion)

Gordon's Reflex

Sometimes called the stretch reflex or myotatic reflex because of the stretch action and the muscle response involved.

Deep tendon reflex

Involve a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response carried out in internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, or structures of the GI tract

Visceral reflex

Reflex arc: Contain only two neurons (a sensory and a motor neuron)

Monosynaptic

Reflex arc: Multiple interneurons (also called relay neurons) that interface between the sensory and motor neurons in the reflex pathway

Polysynaptic

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Placing the tip of index finger on a relaxed jaw. Expected response: Mandible being flexed.

Jaw Jerk (CNS)

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Forearm being supported, midway between flexion and extension. Placing the thumb firmly over the bicep's tendon with fingers curling around the elbow, tap briskly. Expected response: The forearm will flex at the elbow.

Biceps reflex

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Placing the thumb on the hand supporting the patient's elbow on the bicep's tendon while tapping the brachioradialis tendon with the other hand. Expected responses: (1) Brachioradialis reflex; (2) Biceps reflex; (3) Finger jerk.

Brachioradialis reflex

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Positioning the hand in a supinated position with fingers slightly flexed. Expected response: Middle fingers across the tips of the patient's fingers flexor muscles.

Finger jerk

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Identify the triceps tendon at its insertion on the olecranon, and then tap just above the insertion. Expected response: There is extension of the forearm.

Triceps reflex

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Lower legs dangle freely to flex the knee and stretch the tendons. Placing the handle on the thigh to palpate the contraction of the quadriceps when reflex response is elicited. Strike the tendon directly just below the patella. Expected response: extension of the lower leg

Patellar reflex (knee jerk)

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Patient is sitting. Placing one hand underneath the sole and dorsiflex the foot slightly. Tapping on the Achilles tendon just above its insertion on the calcaneus.

Ankle jerk (Achilles reflex)

Type of reflex based on the procedure: Using the reflex hammer, drawing a light stroke up to the lateral side of the sole and across the ball of the foot, like an upside-down J. Expected response: Plantar flexion of the toes and sometimes of the entire foot.

Plantar reflex

Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities (stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning).

Nerve Tissue

Form of stimulation based on the procedure: Place the stimulating electrode in a fixed position under the nerve. Apply a mild shock by using a single stimulation from the inductorium with the potentiometer set at 3 or 4.

Electrical stimulation

Detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment.

Stimulus

Electrical stimulation

The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made

Sensitivity

Electrical stimulation

An analog device that draws a graphical representation of spatial position over time in which a spatial axis represents time

Kymograph

Electrical stimulation

A kymograph consists of a _____ _____ wrapped with a sheet of paper on which a stylus draws, to record measured changes of phenomena such as motion or pressure.

Revolving drum

Happens when a nerve is stimulated and the muscle relax and contracts.

Simple Muscle Twitch

The time taken from the point of the stimulus to start of contraction.

Latent Period

Start of contraction to the maximum strength of contraction

Contraction Period

When the muscle starts relaxing from the maximum point of contraction to end of relaxation

Relaxation Period

This means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

Occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell location rapidly rises and falls (Depolarization)

Action Potential

It is the site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle.

Neuromuscular Junction

Describes the rapid communication between electrical events occurring in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers and Ca2+ release from the SR, which leads to contraction

Excitation Contraction Coupling

When a motor unit receives a stimulus of sufficient intensity to bring forth a response, all the muscle fibers within the unit will contract at the same time, and to the maximum possible extent

All or None Principle

Is the process by which different motor units are activated to produce a given level and type of muscle contraction

Motor Unit Recruitment

Physiological unit of the Nervous System

Neuron (nerve cell) and its corresponding nerve fibers

2 classification of nerve fibers based on the character of the results of impulses

Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor) nerve fibers

Form of stimulation based on the procedure: Pinch the free end of the nerve immediately release after a tracing is recorded.

Mechanical stimulation

Form of stimulation based on the procedure: Touch the free end of the nerve lightly with a warm glass rod and release after a tracing is recorded.

Thermal stimulation

Form of stimulation based on the procedure: Place few crystals of NaCl on the free end of the nerve and release after a tracing is recorded.

Osmotic type stimulation

Form of stimulation based on the procedure: Dip the free end of the nerve in a 50 mL beaker filled with 1% HCl solution.

Chemical stimulation

Electrical stimulation

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

Give the 4 cranial nerves that functions as both Sensory and Motor

Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

Highly complex, highly organized network of billions of neurons and neuroglia

Nervous System

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

Give the 4 cranial nerves that functions as both Sensory and Motor

Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

Give the 4 cranial nerves that functions as both Sensory and Motor

Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

It includes brain, cranial nerves, and their branches, the spinal cord and the spinal nerves and their branches, ganglia enteric plexuses and sensory receptors.

Nervous System

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

2 division of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

3 Functions of the Nervous System

Sensory function - sensory neuron Integrative function - interneuron Motor function - motor neuron

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

True/False: In the motor part of PNS, somatic motor neuron is voluntary and its effector is the skeletal muscle.

True

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

True/False: In the motor part of PNS, autonomic motor neuron is voluntary (sympathetic and parasympathetic division) and its effector include smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

False. It is involuntary

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

True/False: In the motor part of PNS, enteric motor neuron is involuntary in enteric plexuses and its effector include cardiac muscle, glands and endocrine cells of GI tract

False. Its effectors are smooth muscle, glands and endocrine cells of GI tract

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

Composed of 12 pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the brain. It send information between the brain and the sense organs. Its functions are sensory, motor, or both

Cranial nerves

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Smell

I: Olfactory nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Vision

II: Optic nerve

Give the 4 cranial nerves that functions as both Sensory and Motor

Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Pupil constriction, accomodation, moves eye up, down and medially, opens eyelids

III: Oculomotor nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies superior oblique muscle: moves eye down and inwards

IV: Trochlear nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Sensation to face, muscles of mastication, facial expression

V: Trigeminal nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies lateral rectus, moves eye laterally

VI: Abducens nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies muscles of facial expression, TASTE (anterior 2/3 tongue), closes eyelids, lacrimal, nose, palate glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

VII: Facial nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Hearing, regulates balance

VIII: Vestibulocochlear nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Sensation/taste to posterior 1/3 tongue, posterior pharynx, stylopharyngeus - swallowing, parotid gland - salivation

IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Parasympathetic supply to eye, heart, gut, lungs, LARYNX (sensation to airway, motor to vocal cords)

X: Vagus nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies sternocleidomastoid (rotates head) and trapezius (lifts shoulders)

XI: Accessory nerve

Determine the cranial nerve based on its function: Supplies tongue muscles

XII: Hypoglossal nerve

Give the 3 cranial nerves that functions as Sensory

Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulocochlear