Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology 2nd Edition
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Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology 2nd Edition - Detalles
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Criteria for Life ~ 1 | All life forms contain deoxyribonucleic acid, which is called DNA. |
Criteria for Life ~ 2 | All life forms have a method by which they extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that sustains them. |
Criteria for Life ~ 3 | All life forms can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes. |
Criteria for Life ~ 4 | All life forms reproduce. |
Metabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organisms life functions. |
Anabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life. |
Catabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks. |
Photosynthesis | The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food. |
Herbivores | Organisms that eat only plants. |
Carnivores | Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants. |
Omnivores | Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms. |
Producers | Organisms that produce their own food. |
Consumers | Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food. |
Decomposers | Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms. |
Autotrophs | Organisms that are able to make their own food. |
Heterotrophs | Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food. |
Receptors | Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment. |
Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction accomplished by a single organism. |
Sexual Reproduction | Reproduction that requires two organisms. |
Inheritance | The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring. |
Mutation | An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents. |
Scientific Law | A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data. |
Hypothesis | An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question. |
Theory | A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data. |
Microorganisms | Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye. |
Abiogenesis | The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions. |
Prokaryotic Cell | A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles. |
Eukaryotic Cell | A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles. |
Species | A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and reproductively isolate from other such units. |
Taxonomy | The science of classifying organisms. |
Binomial Nomenclature | Naming an organism with its genus and species name. |
Pathogen | An organism that causes disease. |
Saprophyte | An organism that feeds on dead matter. |
Parasite | An organism that feeds on a living host. |
Aerobic Organism | An organism that requires oxygen. |
Steady State | A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born. |
Exponential Growth | Populations growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population. |
Logistic Growth | Populations growth that is controlled by limited resources. |
Conjugation | A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer. |
Plasmid | A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code. |
Transformation | The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell. |
Transduction | The process by which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another. |
Endospore | The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers. |
Strains | Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits. |
Anaerobic Organism | An organism that does not require oxygen. |
Pseudopod | A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food. |
Nucleus | The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA. |
Vacuole | A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell. |
Ectoplasm | The thin, watery cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells. |
Endoplasm | The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells. |
Flagellate | A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum. |
Pellicle | A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane. |
Chloroplast | An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis. |
Chlorophyll | A pigment necessary for photosynthesis. |
Eyespot | A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa. |
Symbiosis | A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits. |
Mutualism | A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association. |
Commensalism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other neither harmed or benefited. |
Parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed. |
Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion. |
Spore | A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating. |
Plankton | Tiny organisms that float in the water. |
Zooplankton | Tiny floating organisms that are with small animals or protozoa. |
Phytoplankton | Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae. |
Thallus | The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems. |
Cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms. |
Holdfast | A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself. |
Sessile Colony | A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object. |
Extracellular Digestion | Digestion that takes place outside the cell. |
Mycelium | The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food. |
Hypha | A filament of fungal cells. |
Rhizoid Hypha | A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows. |
Aerial Hypha | A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows. |
Sporophore | Specialised aerial hypha that produces spores. |
Stolon | An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments. |
Haustorium | A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the hosts cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm. |
Chitin | A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility. |
Membrane | A thin covering of tissue. |
Fermentation | The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules. |
Zygospore | A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering. |
Zygote | The result of a sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring. |
Antibiotic | A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms. |