blood
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blood - Marcador
blood - Detalles
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Preguntas:
101 preguntas
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| 5 functions of blood | Transports, regulation of pH and osmosis, maintain of body temp., immunity, and clotting |
| What does blood transport? | Nutrients & waste products, gases ( oxygen & carbon dioxide), processed molecules: vitamin d, lactic acid, enzymes, hormones |
| What is the regulation of pH and osmosis | 7.35-7.45 pH range which is maintained through buffers, ion balance ( sodium potassium, chlorine, calcium) |
| What does blood clot? | Proteins and fibers |
| Blood is 55% of what? | Matrix, liquid, plasma |
| Blood is 45% of what? | Cells and cell fragments |
| What type of tissue is blood? | Connective tissue |
| Plasma is made of three components, name all three, which is the most abundant? | Plasma is made up of 91% water, 7% protein, and 2% other solutes (nutrients, ions, waste, etc.). Water is the most abundant, making up 91% of plasma. |
| The two main components of blood are ----- and ----, which is the most abundant? | Liquid matrix and plasma, plasma |
| Which is the most abundant protein in blood? What is the function of this protein? Which body organ makes this protein? | Plasma albumin, maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure, liver |
| List the types of globulins found in blood, and their function. Note the origin of these proteins (what organ makes them) | Alpha and beta are transport molecules,Gamma = immunity |
| What two types of plasma proteins transport thyroid hormones? What is the difference between plasma and serum? | Alpha and beta, serum doesnt have fibrinogen and other clotting factors while plasma does |
| What is the buffy coat? Explain what is hematopoiesis and where it occurs, mention the specific places in adults where hematopoiesis occurs. | Where leukoctyes and platelets are found. are blood cell formation takes place in red bone marrow in sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal epiphysis of humerus, and femur |
| What is a hemocytoblast, what would happen to blood if hemocytoblasts are destroyed ? | Stem cell precursor of all formed elements found in red bone marrow |
| .- List some of the characteristics of a mature erythrocyte. What is the reason why RBC’s to loose their nucleus and organelles (what takes the place of these structures inside the cell)? | Lacks nucleus and organelles, they are filled with hemoglobin(Hb) |
| What is the structure of hemoglobin? What part of the hemoglobin binds to oxygen? | Embryonic Hb, fetal Hb, adult Hb. ebryonic Hb & fetal Hb |
| How many red blood cells are in males? | 4.6-6.2 million/microliter |
| How many red blood cells are in females? | 4.2-5.4 million/microliter |
| What are red blood cells? | Are biconcave, flexible discs |
| What does the shape of red blood cells? | Provides an increased surface that provides more room for hemoglobin |
| What does mature cells lack? | Nucleus and oranelles |
| What are the functions for red blood cells? | Transport 02 from lungs to tissue, transport co2 from tissue to lungs |
| What does hemoglobin consist of? | 2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains, bound to a heme group |
| What type of protein is hemoglobin? | Globular protein |
| Heme group consist of? | Red pigment molecule w/ an Fe at its center |
| 1 iron/ heme group binds what? | Each binds 1 oxygen |
| 4 heme groups/ hemoglobin.... | 4 oxygen/Hb molecule |
| Whats the name of element of Hb w/ oxygen and what's its color? | Oxyhemoglobin, bright red |
| Name of element of Hb w/o oxygen and color? | Deoxyhemoglobin, dark red |
| Name of Hb+ CO2 and color? | Carbaminohemoglobin, dark red |
| What are the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis? | Folate, b12, iron |
| Old red blood cells are destroyed in the what, and phagocytized by what? | Spleen, macrophages |
| Hemoglobin is broke down into what two things, which is the break down of what? | Heme and amino acid, globin protien |
| What is heme broken down into? | Biliverdin + iron |
| Whats biliverdin converted into? | Free bilirubin |
| What is free bilirubin converted into and where? | Conjugated bilirubin, liver |
| Whats jaundice? | Yellow coloration of skin and white of the eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin in blood |
| What causes jaundice? | Infections, blockage of bile ducts, excessive destruction of red blood cells |
| What are leukocytes and where are they found? | White blood cells, found in buffy coat? |
| What are the two types of white blood cells? | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| Three types of granulocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Two types of agranulocytes? | Lymphocytes, monocytes |
| Immunce system cells characteristics | Amoeboid movement, diapedesis, chemotaxis, pus |
| What does neutrophils have? | Granules and lobated nuclei(PMN) |
| Neutrophilis are the first to do what? | First responders, first to leave circulation |
| Neutrophils secretes.... | Lysozymes(bacterial killing enzyme) |
| Numbers of neutrophils increase during what? | Bacterial infection |
| Eosinophils has what? | Granules, 2 lobs of lobated nuclei |
| Numbers elevated during what? | Allergic and inflammatory reactions |
| When does eosinophils leave circulation? | Inflammatory reactions |
| Whats does eosinophils secrete? | Anti-inflammatory chemicals called anti-histamins |
| Numbers increased in basophils in | Allergic and inflammatory reactions |
| What does histamin cause? | Inflammation and heparin, which prevents clotting |
| Where is lymphocytes most found in? | Lymphatic tissue |
| What's lymphocytes involved in? | Antibody production |
| When does numbers increase in lymphocytes | During viral infections |
| What is monocytes made of? | Phagocytic cells |
| What dies monocytes become? | Tissue macrophages |
| Numbers in monocytes increases during | Prolonged infection |
| What is monocytes involve in? | Lymphocyte activation |
| Platelets are | Cell fragments |
| Platelets are made by | Megakaryocytes |
| Platelets prevent blood loss in two ways | Forming platelets plug, promoting formation and contraction of clots that help seal breaks in vessels |
| 3 steps of hemostasis | Vascular spasms,platelet plug formation, clotting or coagulation |
| What are vascular spasms | Causes blood vessel to shrink |
| What is clotting or coagulation in hemostasis | Formation of a fibrin clot |
| Chemicals in vascular spasms | Thromboxanes and endothelins |
| What is patelet plug formation | Platelet adhesion to exposed collagen of damaged blood vessel |
| What does platelet release | ADP and thromboxanes |
| Coagulation release what | Thromboplastin |
| Prothrombinase converts | Prothrombin- thrombin |
| Thrombin converts | Fibrinogen - fibrin |
| What are two characteristics of extrinsic pathway | Its quicker, can be activated by glass |
| What its a characteristic on intrinsic pathway | Produces more thrombin |
| In the control of clor formation, anticoagulats in blood have | Heparin, antithrombin, prostacyclin |
| What is fibrinolysis | The process by which plasmin hydrolyzes clots |
| What is plasminogen | The precursor of plasmin |
| What does blood fractionation have | Packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitates |
| Most human red blood cells have what | A protein inserted in its cell membrane called antigen d |
| What is the percentge of the population that is Rh+ and has D protein in their red blood cells | 85-88% |
| A person who lacks antigen D will make what | Antibody anti D if exposed to the antigen |
| When do antibodies develope? | ONLY after exposure to D antigen |
| What does a Rh negative mother carry | Rh positive fetus |
| What is the prevention of hemolytic disease of the newbrown | Give mother anti-d antibodies |
| What does immunoglobulin contain | Anti D antibodies |
| High hematocrit means | Dehydration, low plasma |