Bio 1st Exam
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Bio 1st Exam - Marcador
Bio 1st Exam - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What are atoms composed of? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| The number of protons gives the | Atomic number |
| The number of protons + neutrons + electrons | Atomic mass |
| Orbital occurs in a series called | Electron shells or energy levels |
| What holds the atoms of a molecule together? | Covalent bond |
| Why do molecules form? | Because they can share, lose or gain electrons resulting in atoms bonded together |
| What is covalent bond? | Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| What is an ionic bond? | When one atom is more electronegative than the other then a complete transfer of electrons occurs; electrical attrition of (+) and (-) |
| What is ion | Electrically charged particles when atoms lose or gain electrons |
| Cations | Positive; when ions lost an electron |
| Anion | Negative; when ions gain an electron |
| What is hydrogen bond? | Attraction between the partial (-) of one molecule and the partial (+) of hydrogen end of another molecule |
| What is can der waals forces? | Attractions between nonpolar molecules that are close together |
| List these from the weakest to strongest: van der waals, hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bond | Van der waals, hydrogen, ionic and covalent bond |
| Isotopes differ in the number of | Mass and atomic number |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | When one electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than to the other because one atom is more electronegative |
| What are the major classes of molecules in living organisms | Protein, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acid |
| Polymer: Protein , what is the monomer | Combinations of 20 amino acids |
| Polymer: Carbohydrates, what is the monomer | Sugar monomers (monosaccharides) |
| Polymer: nucleic acids, what is the monomer? | 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers |
| Polymer: lipids, what is the monomer? | Non-covalent forces maintain interactions between lipid monomers |
| Functions of proteins include: | Antibodies, storage proteins, structural proteins, transport proteins |
| The terminal- SH group of cysteine can react with another cysteine side chain to form a | Disulfide bridge |
| What is the primary structure of a protein and what bond | Is the sequence of amino acids and covalent |
| What is the secondary structure of protein and what bond | Alpha helix + beta pleated sheet and hydrogen bond |
| What is the alpha helix in secondary structure? | Right handed coil resulting from hydrogen bonding between N-H groups on one amino acid and C=O groups on another |
| What is the beta pleated sheet in secondar structure? | Two or more polypeptide chains are aligned; hydrogen form between the chains |
| What is the tertiary structure of protein and its bond? | Folding results in a macromolecule with specific 3-D shape + determined by interactions of R-groups and disulfide bridge (covalent bond), hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals, and ionic bond |
| What is the quaternary structure of proteins and what bond? | Results from the interaction of subunits and hydrophobic, van der waals, ionic and hydrogen bond |
| What results in sickle-cell disease? | From a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin, a blood disorder; a change in primary structure |
| What is carbohydrates known for? | Source and transport of stored energy |
| One simple sugar is call | Monosaccharide |
| Three to 20 monosaccharides is call | Oligosaccharide |
| Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides are call | Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and cellulose |
| Monosaccharides bind together to form disaccharides in _____ reactions to form ________ linkages | Dehydration and glycosidic |
| What include other functional groups? | Oligosaccharides |
| Storage of glucose in animals | Glycogen |
| What does lipid consist of ? | Fats, oils, phospholipids, and sterols |
| Fats and oils store | Energy |
| Structural role in cell membranes | Phospholipids |
| Capture light energy in plants | Carotenoids and chlorophylls |
| Fats and oils are composed of ________ and ________ called | Fatty acids and glycerols call triglycerides |
| 3-OH group (an alcohol) | Glycerol |
| Carboxyl bond with hydroxyls of glycerol in an | Ester linkage |
| Saturated fatty acids | No double bonds between carbons, saturated with H atoms |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Some double bonds in carbon chain; kinks |
| Which is solid at room temperature? | Saturated |
| What is the process called of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen | Hydrogenation |
| What results in vegetable oils that are unsaturated fats with trans double bonds? | Partial hydrogenation |
| Fatty acids are _______ they have ________ chemical properties with hydrophilic one side and hydrophobic on the other end | Amphipathic, opposing |
| 2 fatty acids bound to glycerol | Phospholipids |
| Why are cells so small? | Surface-to-volume ratio |
| The bigger a cell is, the less _________ | Surface area |
| What are the three domains? | Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota |
| What is the two types of cells? | Prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| Bacteria and archaea are | Prokaryotic |
| Basic features of ALL cells (both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) are | Plasma cell membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), chromosome, and ribosomes |
| Prokaryotic cell differ from eukaryotes by | Having no nucleus, have DNA in an unbound region call nucleoid, no organelles |
| Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotes by | Having DNA in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Where are ribosomes found? | Rough ER and free floating cytoplasm |
| Where are ribosomes made? | Nucleolus |
| The shape of the nucleus is maintained b the | Nuclear lamina (composed of proteins) |
| DNA is organized into discrete units called | Chromosomes |
| What does the cytoskeleton do? | Maintains cell shape in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and made of protein |
| What are the three components of cytoskeleton? | Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| Microfilaments are | Muscle contraction, cell division and maintaining cell shape; made from protein actin |
| Intermediate filaments are | Tough protein anchoring cell structures in place like nucleus, ; forms nuclear lamina |
| Microtublues are | Framework for motor proteins, form rigid internal skeleton, made from protein tubulin; flagella + cilia |
| Network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm; has large surface area | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |