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A&P2 NEURO-CNS


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meninges
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three membranous layers

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A&P2 NEURO-CNS - Detalles

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Meninges
Three membranous layers
Dura mater
Strong, white fibrous tissue, outer layer of meninges and inner periosteum of the cranial bones
Arachnoid mater
Delicate, spiderweb like layer between the dura mater and the Pia mater
Pia mater
Innermost, transpartents layers, adhere to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord, and contains blood vessels
Film terminale
Blends with dura mater to form a fibrous cord that disappears into the periosteum of the coccyx
Epidural space
Located between the dura mater and inside the bony covering of the spinal cord, contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues
Subdural space
Located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, this contains lubercating serous fluid
Subarachnoid space
Located between the arachnoid and Pia mater, contains a significant amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Epidural hematoma
Lucid intervals of consciousness with slowly deteriorating neurological signs (middle meningeal artery)
Subdural hematoma
Loss of consciousness that could be fluctuating with dizziness and headaches (venous tears)
Subarachnoid hematoma
Immediate rapid onset, LOC, headache, confusion, nausea (10-15% fatal)
CSF function
Support and protective cushion, reservoir of circulating fluid, which is monitored by the brain to detect changes in the internal environment
CSF
Found in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord and within the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord
Ventricles
Fluid-filled spaces within the brain
First and second ventricles
Lateral- first and second, they are located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
Fothird ventricle
Thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the later ventricles
Fourth ventricle
Tiny, diamond shaped space where the cerebrum attaches to the back of the brainstem
Cerebrospinal fluid
Occurs by separation of fluid from the blood in the choroid plexuses form the fourth ventricle, fluid goes to two different areas
Arachnoid villi
Fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space and then is absorbed into venous blood
Structure of the spinal cord
Within the spinal cavity and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of L1 tow bulges, one in the cervical region and one in the lumbar region anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus are two deep grooves, anterior fissure is deeper and wider
Nerve roots
Fibres of the dorsal nerve root carry sensory info into the spinal canal
Dorsal root ganglion
Cell bodies of unipolar, sensory neurons make up a small region of grey matter in the dorsal nerve root
Ventral nerve root
Carry motor info out of the spinal cord cell bodies of multipolar, motor neurone are in the grey matter of the spinal cord
Spinal nerve
A single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together
Cauda equina
Bundle of nerve roots extending from the conus medullar is (inferior end of the spinal cord)
Grey matter
Extends the length of the spinal cord, consists predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurone in transverse section, it look like an H with the limbs being called the anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of the grey matter- crossbar of the H is the grey COMMISSURE
White matter
Surrounds the grey matter and is subdivided in each half
Ascending tracts
Conduct impulses UP the cord and to the brain
Descending tracts
Conduct impulses DOWN the cord from the brain
Lateral spinothalamic
Tracts- crude touch, pain, and temp
Anterior spinothalamic
Tracts- crude touch, pressure
Fascicule gracilis and cuneatus
Discriminating touch and conscious kinaesthesia
Spinocerebellar
Tracts- subconscious kinaesthesia
Spinotectal
Touch related to visual reflexes
Lateral corticospinal
Voluntary movements on opposite sides of the body
Anterior corticospinal
Voluntary movements on the same side of the body
Reticulospinal
Maintains posture during movement
Rubrospinal
Transmits impulses that coordinate body movements and maintenance of posture
Tectospinal
Head and neck movements during visual reflexes
Vestibulospinal
Coordination of posture and balance
The brain
Largest organ, weighs 1.4 kg
Medulla oblongata
Lowest part of the brainstem, attaches to the spinal cord located above the foramen magnum composed of white matter and a network of grey and white matter called the reticular formation network
Pyramids
Two bulges of white matter located on the ventral side of the medulla, formed by fibres of the pyramidal tracts
Medulla
Olive and nuclei
Medulla: olive
Oval projection located in the reticular formation
Medulla: nuclei
Clusters of neurone cell bodies located in the reticular formation
Pons
Located above the medulla and below the midbrain, composed of white matter and reticular formation
Midbrain
Located above the pons and below the cerebrum, forms the midsection of the brain composed of white tracts and reticular formation extending divergently through the midbrain and cerebral peduncles
Corpora quadrigemina
Landmark in midbrain, composed of two inferior colliculi and two superior colliculi forms the posterior, upper part of the midbrain that lies just above the cerebellum
Inferior colliculus
Contains auditory centres
Superior colliculus
Contains visual centres
Red nucleus and substantial nigra
Clusters of cell bodies or neurone involved in muscular control
Functions of the brain
Sensory, motor and reflex functions
Spinothalamic
Important sensory tracts that pass through the brainstem
Fascicule cuneatus and gracillis and spinoreticular
Sensory tracts who's axons terminate in the grey matter of the brainstem
Corticospinal and reticulospinal
Two major tracts present in the white matter of the brainstem
Nuclei in medulla
Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centres, also controls vomitting, coughing, sneezing etc
Pons
Contains reflexes mediated by fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth
Midbrain
Contains centres for certain cranial nerve reflexes
Structure of the cerebellum
Second largest part of the brain, contains more neurone than the rest of the nervous system located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum grey matter is on the outside, white is on the inside has a lot of sluice, and parallel gyre (folia)
Arbor vitae
Internal white matter of the cerebellum, distinctive pattern similar to the veins of a leaf
White mater (short tracts)
Conduct impulses from neurone cell bodies located in the cerebellar cortex to neurone who's dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum
White matter (long tracts)
Conduct impulses to and from the cerebellum fibres enter or leave by way of three pairs of penducles
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
Composed chiefly of tracts into the cerebellum from the medulla and cord
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Composed almost entirely of tracts into the cerebellum from the pons
Superior cerebellar peduncles
Compared principally of tracts from dentate nuclei in the cerebellum through the red nucleus of the midbrain to the thalamus
Dentate nuclei
Located in each hemisphere, nuclei is connected with thalamus and with motor arms of the cerebral cortex by tracts by means of the tracts, cerebellar impulses influence the motor cortex, and the motor cortex influences the cerebellum
Functions of the cerebellum
Compares motor commands of the cerebrum with the info coming from the proprioceptors in the muscle impulses travel from the cerebellum to both the cerebrum ad muscles to coordination the intended action
Functions of the cerebellum
Produces skilled movements, controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance, controls posture, processes sensory info
Diencephalon
Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain, consists of several structures located around the third ventricle: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma, pineal gland, and others
Thalamus
Dumbbells shaped mass of grey matter, serves as a major relay station for sensory impulses on their way to cerebral cortex, plays a role in emotions by associating sensory impulses with feeling of good or bad
Hypothalamus
Beneath the thalamus, crucial part of regulating appetite, maintains body temp
Infundibulum
The stalk leading to the post lobe of pit gland, small, performs functions for survival and enjoyments, links body and mind, links nervous system to endocrine system
Pineal gland
Located above the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain, regulates the bodies biological clock produces melatonin
Cerebral cortex
Largest uppermost division of the brain, consists of the right and left cerebral hemisphere and is made up of six layers of grey matter
Longitudinal fissure
Deepest fissure and it divides cerebrum into two hemispheres
Central sulcus
Groove between frontal and parietal lobes
Cerebral tracts
Make up cerebrums white matter
Projection tracts
Extensions of the sensory spinothaamic tracts and motor corticospinal tracts
Speciation tracts
Most numerous cerebral tracts, extend from one convolution to another in the same hemisphere
Commissural tracts
Extend from one to convolution to a corresponding conviction in the other hemisphere, compose the croups callous and the anterior posterior commissures
Basal nuclei
Islands of great matter located deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere including: caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amygdaloid nuclei
Basal nuclei function
Regulation of voluntary (conscious) motor control related to posture, walking, and other repetitive movements, possible roles in thinking and learning
Precentral gyrus
Somatic motor area, impulses from neurone in this area descend over motor tracts and stimulate skeletal muscles
Postcentral gyrus
General somatic sensory area, receives impulses from receptors active by heat, cold and touch stimuli
Transverve gyrus
Auditory area
Occipital lobe
Primary visual area
Consciousness
State of awareness of ones self, environments, and other humans
Reticular activating system
Functions as the arousal system for the cerebral cortex, it is crucial for maintaining consciousness
Emotions
Subject to experiencing and objective expressing of emotions involve functioning of the limbic system
Limbic system
"emotional brain" located on the medial surface of the cerebrum, they have primary connections with other parts of the brain like the thalamus, fornix, septal nuclei, amygdaloid nucleus, and hypothalamus
Memory
Capable of storing and retrieving both short and long term memory temporal, parietal, occipital lobes are response for short and long term memory
Primary sensory neurons
Conduct impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system
Secondary sensory neurons
Conduct impulses form the cord or brainstem to the thalamus dendrites and cells dies are located in the grey matter of the cord and brainstem
Tertiary sensory neurons
Conduct impulses from thalamus to the postcenrral gyrus of the parietal lobe, bundle of axons of tertiary sensory neurone from the thalamocortical tracts, emend though the internal capsule to the cerebral cortex
Medial lemniscal system
Tracts that make up the fascicule cuneatus and gracilis and the medial lemniscus, axons of secondary sensory neurone make up medial lemniscus, it transmits imputes that produce discriminating touch and pressure sensations and kinaesthesia
Spinothalamic pathway functions
Pain, temp and crude touch
Principal of the final common path
The motor neurone from the anterior grey horn of the spinal cord, conducts impulses to skeletal muscles
Pyramidal tracts
Located on the opposite side of the spinal cord in the later white column, 3 quarters of the fibres deviate in the medulla and extend down the cord, and one quarter of the fibres do not decussate but they do extend down the same side as they came
Exrapyramidal - in the brain
Relays motor neurone between the basal nuclei, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem