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A&P Nervous System


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[Front]


function of the nervous system
[Back]


organized to detect changes in internal and external environment, eveulaate the info and imitate an appropriate response

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A&P Nervous System - Detalles

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Function of the nervous system
Organized to detect changes in internal and external environment, eveulaate the info and imitate an appropriate response
Central nervous system
Consist of the brain and the spinal cord, integrates sensory info, evaluates it, and inters an outgoing response
Cperipheral nervous system
Nerves that lie in the outer regions of the nervous system
Cranial nerves
Originate from the brain
Spinal nerves
Originate from the spinal cord
Fafferent divison
Consist of all incoming sensory pathways
Efferent divison
Econsist of all outgoing motor pathways
Somatic nervous system
Carries info to the somatic effectors (skeletal muscles), and carries feedback info to the somatic integration centres in the CNS
Autonomic nervous system
Efferent division carries info to the autonomic or visceral effectors (cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, glands & adipose tissues)
Glia cells
Support the neurons
Astrocytes
In the CNS, star shaped, largest and most numerous type of glia, connect to both neurons and capillaries, transfer nutrient from the blood to the neurons
Microglia
In CNS small usually stationary cells found in inflamed brain tissue, they enlarge and move about. they cary on phagocytes
Ependymal
In CNS, resemble epithelial cells and form thin sheets that line fluid filled cavities in the CNS, some produce fluid and other aid in circulation of fluid
Oligodendrocytes
In CNS, smaller than astrocytes with fewer processes, hold nerve fibres together and produce the myelin sheath
Schawn cells
In PNS, found only in peripheral neurons, support nerve fibres and form myelin sheaths
Myelin sheath
These gaps are often called nodes of ranvier
Neurilemma
Ormed by the cytoplasm of the Schwann cells, wrapped around the myelin sheath, essential fro nerve regrowth
Satellite cells
They are Schwann cells that cover and support cell bodies in the PNS
Neurons
Excitable cells that imitate and conduct impulses that make possible all nervous system functions
Components of neurons
Cell body, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes, rough ER and golgi
Provide protein molecules needed for transmission of nerve signals from one neurone to another, neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles, provide proteins for maintaining and regenerating nerve fibres
Mitochondria
Provide energy (ATP) for neurone, and some are transported to end of an axon
Dendrites
Conduct nerve signals to the cell body of the neuron
Axon
A single process extending form the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath, conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron, distal tips of axons are telodendria
Input zone
Dendrites and cell body
Summation zone
Axon hillock
Output zone
Telodendria and synaptic knobs of axon
Multipolar
One axon and several dendrites
Bipolar
Only on axon and one dendrite, least numerous kind of neuron
Unipolar (pseudo unipolar)
One process come off neuron cell body, but divides almost immediately into two fibres central fibre and peripheral fiber
Afferent neurons
Conduct impulses to spinal cord or brain
Efferent neurons
Conduct impulses away from spinal cord or brain toward muscles or glandular tissue
Reflex arc
A signal conduction route to and from the CNS with the electrical signal beginning in receptors and ending in effectors
Three neuron arc
Most common, consists of afferent neurons, interneurons and efferent neurons
Synapse
When nerve signals are transmitted from one neuron to another
Chemical synapse
Located at the junction of the synaptic knob of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron
Nerves
Bundles of peripheral nerve fibres held together by several layers of connective tissues
Endonurium
Delicate layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each nerve fibre
Perineurium
Connective tissue holding together fascicles (bundles of fibers)
Epineurium
Fibrous coat surrounding numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve
E tracts
Bundles of nerve fibres within the CNS, unlike nerves, tracts do not have connective tissue coverings
White mater- PNS
Myelinated nerves
White mater- CNS
Myelinated tracts
Egrey matter
Made up of cells bodies and unmyleinated fibres
Grey mater- CNS
Referred to as nuclei
Grey matter-PNS
Referred to as ganglia
Mixed nerves
Contain sensory and motor neurons
Sensory nerves
Nerves with predominantly sensory neurons
Motor nerves
Nerves with predominantly motor neurons
Membrane potentials
Slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of the membrane
Nerve impulse- potential
Difference in electrical charge
Polarized membrane
A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential
Resting membrane potential
The membrane’s selective permeability characteristics help maintain a slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the membrane
Sodium potassium pump
Active transport mechanism in plasma membrane that transports Na+ and K+ in opposite directions and at different rates
Local potentials
Slight shift away from the resting membrane in a specific region of the plans membrane
Excitation
When a stimulus triggers the opening of additional Na+ channels, allowing the membrane potential to move toward 0 (depolarization)
Inhibition
When a stimulus triggers the opening of additional K+ channels, increasing the membrane potential (hyperpolarization)
Graded potentials
The magnitude of deviation form the resting membrane potential is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus
Action potential
The membrane potential of a neuron the tis conducting an impulse, also known as nerve impulse
Absolute refractor period
Brief period during which a local area of a neurons membrane resists re stimulation and will not respond to a stimulus, no matter how strong
Relative refractory period
Time during which the membrane is depolarized and restoring the resting membrane potential, the few milliseconds after the absolute refractor person, will respond to ONLY a very strong stimulus
Electric synapses
The cells join dby gap junctions allow an action potential to simply contrite along postsynaptic membrane
Chemical synapses
Presynaptic cells release chemical transmitters across a tiny gap to the postsynpatical cell possibly inducing an action potential there
Synaptic knob
Tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neurons axon that contains vesicles housing neurotransmitters
Synaptic cleft
Space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
Axodendrite
Axon signals postsynaptic dendrite, they are common
Axiomatic
Axon signals postsynaptic soma, they are common
Axoaxonic
Axon signals postsynaptic axon, may regulate action potentials of postsynaptic axon
Plasma
Membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, has protein molecules that serve s receptors for the neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Small molecule neurotransmitter, present at various locations, sometimes in an excitatory role; other times, inhibitory
Amines
Synthesized from amino acid molecules, found in various regions of the brain, affecting learning, emotions, motor control
Amino acids
The most common neurotransmitters of the CNS, in the PNS amino aids are stored in synaptic vesicles and used in neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides
Short strands of amino acids called polypeptides, they have regulatory effects in the digestive tract and act as neurotransmitters in the brain
Sensory neurons
Act as receptors to detect changes in the internal and external environment; relay information to integrator mechanisms in the CNS,