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level: Cognitive explanation of offending

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Cognitive explanation of offending

QuestionAnswer
What is the first level?Pre-conventional morality
What is stage 1 and stage 2 of level 1?Stage 1: Punishment orientation, rules are obeyed to avoid punishment Stage 2: Instrumental orientation or personal gain, Rules are obeyed for personal gain
What is level 2?Conventional morality?
What is stage 3 and 4 in level 2?Stage 3: ‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation. Rules are obeyed for approval Stage 4: Maintenance of social order. Rules are obeyed to maintain the social order/norms
What is level 3?Post-conventional morality
What is stage 5 and 6 in level 3?Stage 5: Morality of contract and individual rights. Rules are obeyed if they are impartial democratic rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others Stage 6: Morality of conscience. The individual establishes his or her own rules in accordance with a personal set of ethical principles.
Where are criminal more likely to be in Kohlberg's model?Pre-conventional level - less mature, commit crimes to gain reward and avoid punishment People at a higher level are more sympathetic and non-violent
What is cognitive distortions?Errors or biases in people’s processing that are characterised by faulty thinking - criminals use it interpret other people and justify their behaviour
What is hostile attribution bias?Misinterpreting the actions of other people, often assuming that they are being confrontational when they are not - misread non-aggressive cue, may trigger a violent response
Where does hostile attribution bias come from? (research support)Childhood - Dodge and Frame, showed a video of 'ambiguous provocation), children that were 'aggressive' or 'rejected' more likely to interpret the behaviour as hostile.
What is minimalisation?Attempting to deny or downplay the seriousness of an offence - May apply a euphemistic label, doing a job
When is minimalisation more common?People that have committed sexual offences - Barbaree - 40% rapists minised the harm and 54% denied committing any offence. Pollock and Hashmall, 35% of child molestors said their crime was non-sexual and 36% said that the child consented.
What is a strength of the cognitive explanation of offending?-Proven beneficial in the treatment of criminal behaviour -CBT is a dominant approach in treating sex offenders, establishes a less disorderted view of thier action by addressing irrational thoughts of justification -Studies show that was a reduction of denial and minimasiation therapy has reduced the risk of recidivism. -Key feature of anger management therapy - accepting responsiblity for crimes, practicial application to real life, increase ecological validity.
A weakness of Kohlberg's model?-Doesn't account for some important individual dfferences -Those committing crimes for finanical gain more likely to be at the pre-conventional level. Associated with crimes where they think they can get awway with it -Impulsive crimes like assualt tend to not have reasoning at all. Langdon suggests intelligence is a better predictor for crime than moral reasoning. Often people with low intelligence are much more likely to commit crimes -Question the validity of the stage model and wider generlisability as well as this, the stage model is reductionist
A weakness of the cognitive approach to criminality?-It is descriptive, not explanatory -Cognitive approach is really good at describing what happens with the criminal mind - but struggles to explain why or how these thoughts initally come about -Can be useful to predict reoffending - but it doesn't offer insight into why the crime was committed in the first play -Need to consider other approach to actually explain the origin of the crime seeing as it is a reductionist outlook that is only a part explanation