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level: Detecting Plant Diseases and Plant Defences

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Detecting Plant Diseases and Plant Defences

QuestionAnswer
How can Observations be used to Recognise Plant Diseases?-Growth Problems might be linked to Crown Gall; Mottling of Leaves might link with Tobacco Mosaic, Smell or Touch may seem Off
What are Antigens?-Simply Molecules that are on the Surface of the Cells -Antibodies can Detect it - they are Proteins that Bind on to that Antigen
What happens in a ELISA Test?-Antibodies will be used against the Pathogen's Antigens -Antibodies have Enzymes, which react with a Substrate to make a Colour Change -Antibodies simply are Added into the Sample being Used, and then Washed Off - however, if the Antibodies have Bind on, they will Stay in the Sample -If a Colour Change happens when the Substrate has been Added, then the Antigen, [Pathogen therefore] is Existing in the Sample
What happens in a PCR Test? [Not Covid]-You are able to see if the DNA of that Pathogen is in the Sample -Some of the DNA Strand Complementary of the Pathogen are used as a Primers [Template or Base] -If the DNA Matches, then its Continually Copied. -If the Pathogen is Present, then lots of DNA [Its] will be Made.
What Physical Defences do Plants have against Pathogens?-A Waxy Cuticle [Waterproof Barrier] can be seen in many Leaves and Stems. This ensures that Pathogens do not Enter the Plant and that Water does not Pile Up - Reducing the Chance of a Infection -Plant Cells have a Cell Wall, made from Cellulose. This makes a Physical Barrier against Pathogens, if they made it through the Waxy Cuticle -If Pathogens do make it Past those Defence, then the Cell may make a Substance called Callose, which gets Deposited between the Cell Wall and the Cell Membrane
What Chemical Defences do Plants have Against Pathogens?-Plants can make Antimicrobial Chemicals that can Kill Pathogens, or Stop their Growth -Mint Plants and Witch Hazel makes those Chemicals that can Kill Bacteria -Saponins is another Chemical that can be Made, that Destroys the Cell Membrane of Fungi and other Pathogens
How can Plants Contribute to Modern Medicine?-The Drugs used often have Chemicals being Extracted from a Plant -Genes Responsible of making those Chemicals are also seen in Genetic Engineering for Insect and Disease Resistant Crops