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level: AGGLUTINATION METHODS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: AGGLUTINATION METHODS

QuestionAnswer
AGRGEGATION OF SOLUBLE TEST ANTIGENSPRECIPITATION
SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AGGREGATE TO FORM LARGER VISIBLE CLUMPSAGGLUTINATION
VISIBLE EXPRESSION OF AGGREGATION OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXPRECIPITATION/ AGGLUTINATION
ARE NEEDED TO VISIBLY INDICATE THAT ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION HAS TAKEN PLACE.ARTIFICIAL CARRIER PARTICLES
DIRECTLY INDENTIFIES AND MEASURES SPECIFIC ANTIBODY/ ANTIGEN WITH THE USE OF SERUM OR PREPARED REAGENTSDIRECT AGGLUTINATION
USES CARRIER MOLECULES IN ORDER TO ENHACE THE VISIBILITY OF PRECIPITATESINDIRECT AGGLUTINATION
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS QUALITY OF RESULTS1. TIME OF INCUBATION OF ANTIBODY SOURCE 2. AMOUNT AND AVIDITY OF AN ANTIGEN CONJUGATED TO THE CARRIER 3. CONDITION OF TEST ENVIRONMENT- PH, TEMP
TYPES OF AGGLUTINATION1.LATEX AGGLUTINATION 2. FLOCCULATION 3. DIRECT BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION 4. HEMAGGLUTINATION
ARE BOUND WITH ANTIBODIES AGAINST A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN. EX CRPLATEX BEADS
THE ____ ANTIBODIES ATTACHED, THE MORE ANTIGEN CAN BIND TO THE SURFACE OF LATEXMORE
IN SOME TESTS, ANTIGEN ARE BOUND TO THE____PARTICLE THAT MEASURE THE ANTIBODY PRESENT IN SAMPLELATEX
OLD VERSION OF_____ TEST USES LATEX AGGLUTINATIONPREGNANCY
ANTIGEN INTERACTS WITH ANTIBODY WHICH RESULTS TO FORMATION OF FINE PRECIPITATESSOLUBLE
CAN BE SEEN MACROSCOPICALLY BECAUSE IT IS FORCED IN A CONFINED SPACEPRECIPITATES
EXAMPLE OF THIS TEST IS VDRL TEST- VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY TESTFLOCCULATION TEST
IT IS A DIRECT AGGLUTINATION OF WHOLE PATHOGEN TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST THE PATHOGEN.DIRECT BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
BACTERIA CLUMP TOGETHER AND FORM VISIBLE PRECIPITATES DUE TO BINDING OF _____SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES
ALLOWS SATISFACTORY RESULT FORMATION THROUGH THE USE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE WITH FREE POSITIVE IONSCRITERIAS: ELECTROSTATIC FORCES-
A TYPE OF AGGLUTINATION THAT USES BLOOD FOR TESTINGHEMAGGLUTINATION
TYPICALLY USED IN BLOOD BANK IN DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES (OF RARE BLOOD TYPE- ANTIBODY PANEL) AGAINST THE ANTIGEN IN THE SURFACE OF ERYTHROCYTEHEMAGGLUTINATION
ALLOWS THESE ERYTHROCYTE TO DETECT ANTIBOODIES NOT USUALLY PRESENT IN THE SERUM.INDIRECT/PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATION-
ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST ANTIBODIES, TO FORM VISIBLE AGGLUTINATION. ENHANCES AGGLUTINATIONANTIHUMAN GLUBULIN (AHG)
AGGLUTINATION IS THE ENDPOINT OF FORMATION OF BRIDGES BETWEEN ____ANTIBODIES AND AND ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
TWO STAGES OF AGGLUTINATION:SENSITIZATION LATTICE FORMATION
THIS IS THE PHYSICAL ATTACHMENT OF ANTIBODY MOLECULES TO ANTIGENS.SENSITIZATION
COMBINATION OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY IS____, MEANING IT CAN BE ALTERED THROUGH VARIOUS CONDITIONSREVERSIBLE
PROCEDURE THAT PURPOSELY SEPARATE ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY COMBINATION BY MANIPULATING THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONSELUTION
THE AMOUNT OF ANTIBODY WILL REACT BY THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT. THE HIGHER THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, THE HIGHER THE ASSOCIATION AND THE SLOWER THE RATE OF DISSOCIATION.TRUE
FACTORS AFFECTING AB ASSOCIATIONPARTICLE CHARGE ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION ANTIBODY TYPE AG-AB RATIO AG DETERMINANTS PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
INERT PARTICLES SUCH AS LATEX, RBCS AND BACTERIA HAVE A NET NEGATIVE CHARGE CALLED?ZETA POTENTIAL.
THE CONCENTRATION OF SALT IN REACTION MEDIUM HAS A DIRECT EFFECT ON ____ BY MEMBRANE BOUND ANTIGENANTIBODY UPTAKE
CREATES SHIELDING EFFECT THEREFORE NEUTRALIZES THE OPPOSING CHARGE OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODYSODIUM (Na+), CHLORIDE (Cl-)
THE PROBLEM IS SOLVED BY USING A LISS (LOW IONIC SALINE SOLUTION) OR ADDING OF CHARGED MOLECULES LIKE ALBUMIN, OR CENTRIFUGATIONTRUE
THE MOST EFFICIENT ANTIBODY FOR AGGLUTINATION BECAUSE OF THEIR LARGE SIZE AND MULTIVALENCY DUE TO POLYMERIC STRUCTUREIgM
TOO SMALL TO OVERCOME ELECROSTATIC FORCES, THEREFORE, AHG IS ADDED TO FORM A BRIDGE BETWEEN THESE ANTIBODIESIgG
A ZONE IN WHICH OPTIMUM PRECIPITATION OCCURS DUE TO 1:1 RATIO OF ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN AMOUNT IN A SOLUTION THEREBY INCREASING THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTZONE OF EQUIVALENCE-
MORE ANTIBODIES THAN ANTIGEN ARE PRESENTPROZONE
MORE ANTIGEN THAN ANTIBODIES ARE PRESENTPOSTZONE
THE NUMBER OR AMOUNT OF ANTIGEN IN THE SURFACE OF THE CELL DIRECTLY AFFECTS AGGLUTINATION. EX ABO AND KELL GROUPANTIGENIC DETERMINANT
WHEN TWO DISSIMILAR ANTIBODIES WITH SAME BINDING CONSTANT COMPETE WITH THE SAME ANTIGEN THEREFORE BLOCKING THE AGGLUTINATION AS NEITHER OF TWO ANTIBODIES ARE BOUND. OTHER PROTEIN MOLECCULES MAY CAUSE STERIC HINDRANCESTERIC HINDRANCE
MEDIUM USED FOR AGGLUTINATION TESTINGS SHOULD BE MADE OF OPTIMUM OR NEUTRAL PHYSIOLOGICAL pH OF 6.5- 7.5pH
ARE USUALLY ADDED TO SOME TESTS TO NEUTRALIZE OR OPTIMMIZE pH NECESSARY FOR TESTING.BUFFER
ANTIBODIES REACT DIFFERENTLY WITH TEMPERATURE THEREFORE TESTS RELY MAINLY IN INCUBATION PERIOD.TEMP. AND LENGTH OF INCUBATION
COLD REACTINGIgM
WARM REACTINGIgG
THIS IS THE CROSS-LINKS BETWEEN SENSITIZED PARTICLES (AG-AB)LATTICE FORMATION
LATTICE FORMATION- THE FORMATION OF THESE LINKS ARE DEPENDENT ON THE ABILITY OF THE SENSITIZED CELLS TO COME CLOSER TO ONE ANOTHER AND BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN ______.ANTIGEN RECEPTOR SITES
VISIBLE PRECIPITATES NOW FORMED AS INCREASING NUMBER OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY COMBINELATTICE FORMATION
METHODS FOR ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION1.CENTRIFUGATION 2. TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME 3. USE OF COLLOIDS 4. AHG TESTING
OVERCOMES DISTANCE BY SUBJECTING SENSITIZED CELLS TO HIGH GRAVITATIONAL FORCECENTRIFUGATION
LOWERS ZETA POTENTIAL BY ADDITION OF SOME REAGENTS (TRYPSIN)TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME-
LATEX, CHARCOAL, GOLDUSE OF COLLOIDS
ENHANCES BRIDGING BETWEEN ANTIBODIESAHG TESTING
GENTLE SHAKING OF TEST TUBES SHOWS THE AGGLUTINATION REACTION (CELL BUTTON) WITH THE USE OF MIRROR OR MAGNIFYING GLASS.SHAKING OR RESUSPENSION-
IS USUALLY DONE AFTER RESUSPENSION AND DESCRIBED AS 0-4+GRADING-
THIS HAPPENS WHEN A PATIENT WITH ABNORMAL PRODUCTION OF SOME TYPES OF GLOBULINS FORM A ROLEAUX FORMATION.PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION
INSTEAD WITH THE USE OF TUBES OR SLIDES, MICROPLATES ARE USED IN THIS METHODMICROPLATE AGGLUTINATION REACTION
A COMPACT PLATE OF PLASTIC WITH SMALL U-SHAPED VESSEL OR WELL. EASIER TO PERFORM AND LIGHTLY SAFER DUE TO USE OF VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF SAMPLES.MICROPLATE AGGLUTINATION REACTION
CONS: TAKES A LONGER TIME WHEN USED FOR DETECTION OF CERTAIN DISEASES.MICROPLATE AGGLUTINATION REACTION