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QuestionAnswer
430 BC, RECORDED IMMUNITY DURING THE PLAGUE IN ATHENS.THUCYDIDES
1000 AD, PRACTICED INHALATION OF POWDER FROM CRUSTS OF SMALLPOX LESION.VARIOLATION BY CHINESE
PRACTICED INSERTION OF SMALLPOX “CRUSTS” THROUGH A PIN INTO THE SKIN.EUROPE
CONSIDERED TO BE THE FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY.LOUIS PASTEUR-
IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY ON ONE’S RESISTANCE TO INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND COMPOSED OF A LARGE COMPLEX SET OF WIDELY DISTRIBUTED ELEMENTSIMMUNOLOGY
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES?1.T LYMPHOCYTES 2. B LYMPHOCYTES 3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
MEDIATORS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITYB LYMPHOCYTES
MEDIATORS OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYT LYMPHOCYTES
CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITYNATURAL KILLER CELLS
THEY CAPTURE ANTIGENS FOR DISPLAY TO LYMPHOCYTESANTIGEN-REPRESENTING CELLS
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF ANTIGEN- REPRESENTING CELLS?1. DENDRITIC CELLS 2. MACROPAHGES 3. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS
THEY ARE THE INITIATION OF T CELL RESPONSESDENDRITIC CELLS
INITIATION AND EFFECTOR PHASE OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYMACROPHAGES
DISPLAY OF ANTIGENS TO B LYMPHOCYTES IN HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSESFOLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS
THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ANTIGENSEFFECTOR CELLS
T CELLS AND CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTEST LYMPHOCYTES
CELLS OF THE MONONUCLEAR-PHAGOCYTE SYSTEMMACROPHAGES
THEY CONSIST OF NEUTROPHILS, AND EOSINOPHILSGRANULOCYTES
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM1. DEFEND THE BODY FROM DISEASES (INFECTIOUS/ NON INFECTIOS) 2. RECOGNIZING THE “SELF” FROM “NONSELF”. 3. CREATE MEMORY
THEY ARE THE PHYSICAL BARRIER TO MANY MICROORGANISM.UNBROKEN SKIN & MUCOSAL MEMBRANE-
IT IS THE UPPER LAYER OF SKINKERATINIZATION
THEY ARE FAST GROWTH, CONSTANT AND ARE PART OF THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSEEPITHELIAL CELLS-
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE THAT DISALLOW PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMSNORMAL FLORA
FIRST LIEN OF DEFENSE THAT CONSISTS OF MUCUS, SEBUM, LACTIC ACID FROM SWEAT, URINE, STOOL, AND TEARS & SALIVA (LYSOZYME, IgA)SECRETIONS
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE THAT CONSIST OF ACIDITY FROM STOMACH AND VAGINApH
“NATURAL IMMUNITY”, INBORN OR INNATE, NON-SPECIFIC MECHANISMSECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
THEY CONSIST OF MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, AND NEUTROPHILSPHAGOCYTES
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE THAT ARE SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR CHANGESINFLAMMATION
ENGULFMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF CELLS THAT CAN BE PART OF THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSEPHAGOCYTOSIS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE THAT IS SENSITIVE INDICATOR OF INFLAMMATIONACUTE PHASE REACTANTS-
“ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY”, ACQUIRED, SPECIFIC- AN EVOLVED MECHANISM OF THE BODY TO RECOGNIZE, REMEMBER, AND RESPOND TO A SPECIFIC STIMULUS, AN ANTIGEN.THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
ABILITY TO RESPOND MORE EFFECTIVELY IF REINFECTION WITH THE SAME MICROORGANISM OCCURS.MEMORY
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?1.CELLULAR- MEDIATED IMMUNITY 2. HUMORAL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
RESPOND TO ANTIGENS PRESENTED BY ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APC).T LYMPHOCYTE
T LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATES INTO?1. T- HELPER CELL 2. T- MEMORY CELL 3. CYTOTOXIC T-CELL
MOSTLY PHAGOCYTES, COLLECTS AND PRESENTS THE ANTIGEN COLLECTED FROM THE INFECTION SITE TO THE T LYMPHOCYTES.ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
MAIN APC, PROCESSES ANTIGEN FOR RECOGNITION BY T CELLS.DENDRITIC CELLS
RESPOND FROM ACTIVATION BY T- HELPER CELLSB LYMPHOCYTES
PRODUCES A PROTEIN CALLED IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES)B LYMPHOCYTES
B LYMPHOCYTES DIFFERENTIATES INTO:1. MEMORY B CELLS- 2. PLASMA CELLS 3. T CELL- INDEPENDENT B- LYMPHOCYTES
IT IS A TYPE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT IS FOR STORAGEMEMORY B CELS
TYPE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT PRODUCES THE IMMUNOGLOBULINSPLASMA CELLS
TYPE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT IS ACTIVATED DIRECTLY BY MICROORGANISM.T CELL- INDEPENDENT B- LYMPHOCYTE-
ACTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE FOREIGN MATERIAL.HUMORAL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
PRODUCED BY B- LYMPHOCYTES. ONLY PROTEIN NOT PRODUCED BY THE LIVER. MAIN ROLE IS TO CLEAVE TO THE ANTIGEN (HENCE THE NAME) TO PREVENT IT FROM ATTACHING TO HEALTHY CELLS PHAGOCYTES WILL BE ABLE TO DIGEST THE ANTIGEN MORE EASILY PREVENT FURTHER INFECTIONANTIBODIES
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF HUMORAL- MEDIATED IMMUNITYACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACQUIRED THROUGH EXPOSURE. ACTIVATES THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT INDIVIDUAL.ACTIVE IMMUNITY
TYPE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS EXPOSURE TO NATURAL INFECTION OR REGULAR SERIES OF INFECTIONS. EX. COLDS, WOUND, COUGHNATURAL-ACTIVE IMMUNITY
TYPE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS EXPOSURE TO HUMAN-MADE ANTIGENS. EX. VACCINATIONARTIFICIAL- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
TYPE OF HUMORAL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY THAT IS ACQUIRED WHEN A PERSON IS GIVEN ANTIBODIES RATHER THAN PRODUCING THEM BY HIS/ HER OWN IMMUNE SYSTEM.PASSIVE IMMUNITY
TYPE OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS ACHIEVED THROUGH TRANSFER OF ANTIBODIES FROM MOTHER TO BABY. EX. BREASTFEED, MATERNAL PLACENTAL CIRCULATIONNATURAL- PASSIVE IMMUNITY
TYPE OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS ACQUIRED BY INFUSION OF ANTIBODY OR LYMPHOCYTE RICH PLASMA/ SERUM FROM ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED INDIVIDUAL. EX. BLOOD TRANFUSION BY APHERESIS, CONVALESCENT PLASMA, ANTI-RABIESARTIFICIAL- PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVATED IMMEDIATELY AFTER INFECTIONINNATE
ORGANIZED AROUND TWO CLASSES OF CELLS CALLD THE B AND T LYMPHOCYTESADAPTIVE
MOLECULES ASSOCIATED WITH GROUPS OF ANTIGEN THAT ARE RECOGNIZED BY CELLS FROM THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM.PATHOGEN- ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMP)
RECOGNIZES THE PAMPPATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRR)
MOLECULES PRESENT IN BLOOD CIRCULATION THAT TRIGGERS THE COMPLEMENT CASCADE.SECRETED PRR
CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS THAT BINDS PATHOGENPHAGOCYTOSIS RECEPTOR
SET OF RECEPTORS FOUND IN DENDRITIC, MACROPHAGE. EX. TLR 1- BINDS TO PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF GRAM(+) BACTERIA TLR 2- BINDS TO LIPOPROTEINS OF GRAM(- ) BACTERIATOLL- LIKE RECEPTORS
A substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the ability to bind to an antibody or a T lymphocyte antigen receptor but may not be able to evoke an immune response initiallyANTIGEN
In reality, all immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogensTRUE
Foreign substances can be _______ or antigenic if their membrane or molecular components contain(s) structures recognized as foreign by the immune system.IMMUNOGENIC
Capable of provoking a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responseIMMUNOGENIC OR ANTIGENIC
A part of an antigen,reacts specifically with an antibody or T lymphocyte receptorEPITOPE
The cellular membrane of mammalian cells consists chemically of proteins, _______, cholesterol, and traces of_______.PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND POLYSACCHARIDES
The MHC is divided into four major regions:D, B, C, and A.
The classic or class Ia genes that code for class I molecules.A, B, and C regions
Codes for class II moleculesThe D region
Includes HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-CClass I
Encoded in the HLA-D region and can be subdivided into three families, HLA-DR, HLA-DC (DQ), and HLA-SB (DP)Class II gene region
It has a function as targets of T lymphocytes that regulate the immune responseCLASS 1 AND 2 MOLECULES
Regulate interaction between cytolytic T cells and target cellsCLASS I MOLECULES
Restrict the activity of regulatory T cells. It regulate the interaction between helperT cells and antigen-presenting cells(APCs).CLASS II MOLECULES
When foreign RBC antigens are introduced to a host, a______ or ________ of the fetus and newborn can result.TRANSFUSION REACTION OR HEMOLYTIC DISEASE
Antigens, or immunogens, are usually____ organic molecules that are proteins or large polysaccharides and, rarely, if ever, _____.LARGE AND LIPIDS
It is an excellent antigens because of their high molecular weight and structural complexityPROTEINS
Are considered inferior antigens because of their relative simplicity and lack of structural stability.LIPIDS
However, when lipids are linked to proteins or polysaccharides, they may function as ?ANTIGENS
Are poor antigens because of relative simplicity, molecular flexibility, and rapid degradationNUCLEIC ACID
They can be produced by artificially stabilizing them and linking them to an immunogenic carrier.Anti–nucleic acid antibodies
Are considered too small to function as antigens.CARBOHYDRATES (POLYSACCHARIDES)
The response to immunization can be enhanced by a number of agents, collectively called?ADJUVANT
One of the best-known emulsifying agents in vaccine studies is _______complete adjuvant.Freund’s
It is a substance, distinct from antigen, that enhances T cell activation by promoting the accumulation of APCs at a site of antigen exposure and by enhancing the expression of costimulators and cytokines by the APCs.ADJUVANT
The degree to which antigenic determinants are recognized as nonself by an individual’s immune system.Foreignness
The immunogenicity of a molecule depends to a great extent on its degree ofForeignness
For an antigen to be recognized as foreign by an individual’s immune system, sufficient antigens to stimulate an immune response must be present.Foreign molecules are rapidly destroyed and thus cannot provide adequate antigenic exposureDegradability
The higher the MW,the better the molecule will function as an antigen. The number of antigenic determinants on a molecule is directly related to its sizeMolecular Weight
If a molecule is an effective antigen,_______ is mandatory .Their ______ of an antigen is important in cases where the goal is to elicit a patient antibody response when adminstering a vaccine.structural stability
The more complex an antigen, the greater is its effectiveness. Complex proteins are better antigens than large repeating polymers such as lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids,which are relatively poor antigens.Complexity
Antibodies are specific proteins referred to as _______.IMMUNOGLOBULINES
Many antibodies can be isolated in the gamma globulin fraction of protein by?Electrophoresis separation
The term immunoglobulin (Ig) has replaced ______ because not all antibodies have gamma electrophoretic mobilitygamma globulin
The primary function of an antibody in body defenses is to _____ with antigen,which may be enough to _______ bacterial toxins or some viruses.COMBINE AND NEUTRALIZE
Five distinct classes of immunoglobulin molecules are recognized in most higher mammals, which are:IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE.
Immunoglobulin M accounts for about ___ % of the Ig pool and is largely confined to the ______pool because of its large size.10% and intravascular
IgM is effective in what reactions?agglutination and cytolytic
In humans,IgM is found in smaller concentrations than Ig__ or Ig__.IgG or IgA
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS PRODUCED EARLY IN IMMUNE RESPONSEIMMUNOGLOBULIN M
IMMUNOGLOBULIN M IS A PENTAMERE: FIVE BASIC SUB UNIT LINKED BY?DISULFIDE BONDS
The major immunoglobulin in normal serumIgG
It diffuses more readily than other immunoglobulins into the extravascular spaces and _____toxins or binds to microorganisms in extravascular spaces.IgM and Neutralizes
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT CAN CROSS THE PLACENTA AND EXTRAVASCULAR SPACESIgG
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS 70-75% IN IG POOLIgG
Represents 15% to 20% of the total circulatory Ig pool.IgA
Predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears,saliva, colostrum, milk, and intestinal fluids.Secretory IgA
A glycoprotein that binds with IgA to protect IgA from digestionSECRETORY PIECE
If produced by cells in the intestinal wall, ____ may pass directly into the intestinal lumen or diffuse into the blood circulation.IgA
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS MAINLY FOUND IN THE MEMBRANE OF B CELLSIMMUNOGLOBULIN D
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS VERY LOW CONCENTRATION ABOUT LESS THAN 1%IMMUNOGLOBULIN D
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH IgMIgD
A trace plasma protein found in the blood plasma of unparasitized individualsIgE
TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT E is crucial because it mediates some types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, allergies, and anaphylaxis and is generally responsible for an individual’s immunity to invading parasitesIgE
Immunoglobulin that is responsible for immunity against parasitic infectionIgE
Type of immunoglobulin that mediates the release of histamines and heparin when bound with basophils and ______.IgE and Mast cells
The basic unit of an antibody structure is?homology unit, or domain.
A monomeric antibody, classic example is IgG has ___parts when seperated by ____enzyme: 2Fab and 1 ___3 parts, PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME, Fc
ANTIGEN-BINDING FRAGMENTS: LOCATION OF ANTIGEN BINDINGFab
CRYSTALLIZABLE FRAGMENTS: ATTACHES TO CELL RECEPTORS (HOMOGENOUS)Fc
INITIAL FORCE OF ATTRACTION THAT EXIST BETWEEN A SINGLE Fab.AFFINITY
THE FUNCTIONAL COMBINING STRENGTH OF AN ANTIBODY TO ITS ANTIGENAVIDITY
NON COVALENT COMBINATION OF ANTIBODY WITH ITS RESPECTIVE ANTIGENIMMUNE COMPLEXES
SMALL COMPLEXESSOLUBLE
LARGE COMPLEXES: NECESSARY FOR REMOVAL BY PHAGOCYTESPRECIPITATING
RESULTS FROM SOME INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS OF ANTIGEN AND AMINO ACIDS OF THE BINDING SITEANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN BONDING
MAJOR BOND EXCLUSION OF WATER MOLECULE DURING INTERACTION TO MAKE IT MORE STABLEHYDROPHOBIC BONDS
FORMATION OF HYDROGEN BRIDGES BETWEEN MOLECULESHYDROGEN BONDS
FORCE GENERATED BY ELECTRON CLOUD AND HYDROPHOBIC BONDS. VERY WEAK BONDSVAN DER WAALS FORCES
WHEN TWO AMINO ACID OF OPPOSITE CHARGE FORM A BONDINGELECTROSTATIC FORCES
PURIFIED ANTIBODY MADE FROM A CLONE OF SINGLE CELL (MAbs)MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
TWO "Y" SHAPEDDIMERIC
ONE "Y" SHAPEDMONOMERIC
DIFFERENCES OF EACH TYPE OF ANTIBODY OF THE SAME SPECIEISOTYPE
THE DIFFERENCE OF SAME TYPE OF ANTIBODY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES. MOSTLY IN Fc PORTIONALLOTYPE
THE DIFFERENCE OF SAME TYPE OF ANTIBODY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES. MOSTLY IN Fab PORTIONIDIOTYPE
PROLIFERATION OF LYMPHOCYTES DURING IMMUNE RESPONSE.CLONAL SELECTION-
SELECTION OF PROPER LYMPHOCYTE TO BE CLONED. TAKE AROUND __TO __ DAYS IN THE COURSE OF INFECTION FOR NUMBER OF CLONES TO SUFFIECIENTLY PRODUCE ENOUGH ANTIBODY.5 TO 7
FOLLOWS ANTIBODY PHASES OF PRODUCTION.PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
HAS A SHORTER DURATION OF PHASES AS COMPARED TO THE PRIMARY.SECONDARY OR ANAMNESTIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE
ABILITY OF AN ANTIBODY TO COMBINE WITH A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN. RESIDE IN THE Fab PORTION OF ANTIBODY THE CLOSER THE FIT, THE HIGHER THE AFFINITYSPECIFICITY
HAPPENS WHEN A CERTAIN MICROORGANISM THAT POSSESS A SAME POLYSACCHARIDE IN A CELL WALL AS HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE.CROSS REACTIVITY:
COMBINATION OF SOLUBLE ANTIBODY AND SOLUBLE ANTIGEN TO PRODUCE AN INSOLUBLE COMPLEXES THAT ARE VISIBLEPRECIPITATION
REACTION OF ANTIBODY WITH THE ANTIGEN PRESENT IN THE RBC.HEMOLYSIS
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY- IN VITRO TESTING SYTEM THAT MEASURES IMMUNE COMPLEXES.ELISA
DIFFERENCE OF ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL BETWEEN THE NET CHARGE AT THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE CHARGE AT THE SURFACE OF THE SHEARZETA POTENTIAL
DISCOVERED HOW TO FUSE A LYMPHOCYTE TO PRODUCE A CELL LINE THAT IS BOTH IMMORTAL AND PRODUCER OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODY.KOHLER, MILSTEIN AND JERNE
PURIFIED ANTIBODY MADE FROM A CLONE OF SINGLE CELL. (MAbs)MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY