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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Strength of opportunity sampling?Quick and practical
Strength of opportunity sampling?Quick and practical
What is stratified sampling?When there are subgroups in the target population and people are randomly selected from it. Ensure that it is proportionally representative
What is stratified sampling?When there are subgroups in the target population and people are randomly selected from it. Ensure that it is proportionally representative
What is systematic sampling?Picking the sample from a nth number of people in a predetermind system. (eg every 10th person)
A strength of systematic sampling?Its an objective method of choosing participants for an experiment, this means that is not opened to bias.
A weakness of systematic sampling?It is time consuming and participants that are selected might choose not to take part
Weaknesses of naturalistic observation?No control over extraneous variables
Weaknesses of a field experiment?Less control: more extraneous variables are likely in a natural environment Ethics:
Strength of random sampling?Equal chance to be selected and sample will mostly likely be representative
What is an aim of a study?The purpose of the study and what you are trying to achieve
What is a null hypothesis?Where there is no relationship between the 2 variables that are being studied. There will be very little effect of your IV and DV, any difference would be down to chance.
What is a directional (one-tailed) hypothesis?When you predict the direction of the result. Eg. The higher the temperature, the more the person will sweat. Key words: more, better
What is a non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis?When the person doesn't know what way the direction the results will go but there will be a difference. Key word: difference
What is the independent variable?The variable that is being manipulated in the study by the researcher. It is the thing that will change in the experiment
What is the dependent variable?Its the result of the change, It is the thing that is being measured.
What is the operationalising variable?When we operationalise a variable we are stating how that variable will actually be measured.
Why is it necessary to operationalise a variable?It allows for the experiment to be replicated
What is a extraneous variable?These are any variables, other than the IV, that may potentially affect the DV which can mix up the findings and affect the validity of the results.
What is a situational factor?This is anything about the environment which may affect their performance. EG. the time of day
What is participants variables?There are things that are specific to the participant that might affect the study. EG: age, gender, personality, intelligence
What is demand characteristics?When the participants form an idea of what the study is going to be about and they present the kind of response that they think the researcher wants, to please them but it ruins the results
What is lack of standardisation in a procedure?If different groups experience different things by different instructions this can lead to invalid results and the IV is not the only thing affect the DV.
What is investigator bias?The researchers expectations can influence how they design the study and behave towards the participants and their expectations may influence how they analyse the results.
What is a piolet study?Is a small-scale study that is done before the actual research is carried out. To establish weather the design works and the participants would understand the instructions and it saves time and money.
What does control do in studies?Makes sure that everything is the same for all participants eg. time of day, product etc.
What is a experimental design ?The way you organise your participants into groups
What is independent design?This is where there are different participants in each group
Strength of independent design?No order effects, no one will get better through practice or bored or tired (fatigue)
Weaknesses of independent design?Differences between the people in each group may affect the results Number of participants: you are going to need double the participants, this can be more expensive.
What is repeated measure design?Where all the participants take part in every condition, ,this can be used to compare results from both conditions
Strengths of repeated measure design?The groups are made up of the same people so it won't affect the results. Fewer participants, cheaper and less time consuming
Weakness of repeated measure design?Order effects: The task can become practiced but you can overcome this by counterbalancing
What is counter balancing?Mix up the order of tasks to overcome fatigue and boredom.
What is matched pair desgin?Similar to independent design seeing as they are in different conditions but each ppt is matched with someone in another group with an important variable that can affect the experiment eg. age, IQ (identical twins are often used)
What are the strengths of matched pair design ?No order effects: different people in each condition Ppt's variables: important differences are minimised through matching
What is a weakness in matched pair design?Number of participants: need twice as many and time consuming to match pairs
What is a labatory experiment?Controlled and scientific, controls all relevant variables expect of the IV. Usually takes place in a specifically designed environment so it is easier to control. Ppts usually know that they are in a experiment but maybe not the true aim
Strengths of lab experiment?Control: high levels of control It can be easily replicated
Weaknesses of a lab experiment?Artificial environment: low ecological validity Demand characteristics: ppt's may respond to what they think the experiment is about Ethics: ppt's usually deceived about the true aim
What is a field experiment?Behavior is measured in a naturalistic environment, ppt's are usually unaware they are in an experiment, deliberate manipulation of the IV
Strengths of a field experiment?Ecological validity: done in a real life setting, can be applied, less artificial than a lab experiment Demand characteristics: ppt's don't know the true aim, can manipulate their behavior
Weaknesses of a field experiment?Less control: more extraneous variables are likely in a natural environment Ethics: Often not debriefed, invasion of privacy
What is a natural experiment?The experimenter uses an IV that already exists, thats why its called natural because they didn't change the IV, they only record the effect that it has on the DV
Strengths of a natural experiment?Provides opportunities for research that wouldn't have been done otherwise Validity: high validity because they study real life issues as they happen
Weaknesses of a natural experiment?Rare: these opportunities dont happen so often and difficult to generalise Randomisation: Ppt's may not be randomly allocated, hard to tell if its only the IV thats affecting the DV
What is a quasi experiment?Naturally occuring IV but it already exisits, but it is the difference between people
Strength of quasi experiment?If it takes place in a lab, it has high levels of control
Weakness of quasi experiment?Low levels of control due to it taking place in a naturalistic environment, no cotnrol over extrenous variables. Not sure if only the IV is affecting the DV.
What is random sampling?Each member of a target audience is randomly selected.
Strength of random sampling?Equal chance to be selected and sample will mostly likely be representative
Weaknesses of random sampling?Does not guarantee a representative sample: small subgroups may not be selected and the person selected by refuse to take part
What is opportunity sampling?When the researcher picks whoever is available and willing to do the study, could be done by asking people on the street
Strength of opportunity sampling?Quick and practical
Weaknesses of opportunity sampling?Biased sample and unlikely to representative, members from the same target group.
What is volunteer sampling?People volunteer to study by responding to an advert
Strength of volunteer sampling?Least effort and most ethical because people choose to take part
Weaknesses of volunteer sampling?Sample is most likely to be biased, same personality traits, unlikely to be representative
What is stratified sampling?When there are subgroups in the target population and people are randomly selected from it. Ensure that it is proportionally representative
Strength of stratified sampling?More representative
Weaknesses of stratified sampling?The most time consuming and still might not guarantee and representative sample.
What is naturalistic observation?Observations in an environment that would be there normally eg, a town center, bus, park etc.
Strength of naturalistic observation?High ecological validity
Weaknesses of naturalistic observation?No control over extraneous variables
What is controlled observation?Some aspects of the environment is pre-set and controlled by the researcher
Strength of controlled observation?Can manipulate variables to observe
Weaknesses of controlled observation?reduced ecological validity and problems with investigator effects and observer bias.