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level: Level 1 of MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of MUSCULAR SYSTEM

QuestionAnswer
What are the 3 types of Muscle?Cardiac,Smooth,and Skeletal Muscle
This muscle is Long and cyndrical in shape its nucleus are multiple and peripherally located. Has striations and it is Voluntary.Skeletal Muscle
This muscle is Spindle-Shaped and its nucleus is single,centrally located. There is no striations and it is involuntary.Smooth Muscle
This muscle is branched and cylindrical in shape its nucleus is single and also centrally located. There is striations and it is involuntary.Cardiac Muscle
Loose connective tissue seperates muscles fasciles from each other.Permysium
Loose connective tissue surrounds each muscle fibers.Endomysium
It is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell) • Has little RER or free ribosomes • Filled primarily of myofibrils • acidophilicSarcoplasm
Within the sacroplasm,each muscles fiber contains many bundles of proteins filaments calledMyofibrils
Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of proteins what are those?Actin myofilaments and Myosin myofilaments.
It is the basic structural and fundamental unit of a skeletal muscle beacuse it it the smallest portion of a skeletal muscle capable of contacting.Sacromeres
It is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber.Sarcolemma
ability to shortenContractility
respond to stimulusExcitability
can stretchExtensibility
Ability of muscle to recoilElasticity
Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath calledEpimysium
• skeletal muscle cells • many nucleiMuscle Fiber
proteins that make up myofibrils • Myosin II (thick filaments) • Actin (thin filaments) • + associated proteinsMyofilament
• Specialized for calcium ion sequestration • The depolarization of its membrane, which results to Ca2+ ions, is initiated at the specialized neuromuscular junction (NMJ) on the surface of the muscle cellSarcoplasmic reticulum
• Finger-like invaginations in the sarcolemma • Form a complex network of tubules that encircles every myofibril near the A-I band boundaries of each sarcomere • Provide uniform contractionTransverse Tubule (T-tubule)
• Darker bands • More electron-dense • Composed mainly of thick filaments in addition to overlapping portions of thin filamentsA band
• Lighter bands • Consist of thin filaments that do not overlap with thick filamentsI band
• Narrow, less electron-dense (lighter zone) bisecting the A bands • A region consisting only of the rod-like portions of the myosin molecule with no thin filaments presentH zone
• Zwischenscheiben (Ger., between the disks) • A dark transverse line bisecting each I bandZ line or Z disk
• Thick filaments • contain two heavy chains: MYOSIN TAIL; • free ends of heavy chains + light chains: MYOSIN HEAD (binds to actin) • BODY: tails that are bundled together • CROSS-BRIDGES: arms and myosin heads • HINGES: arm-body and arm-headMyosin
• Think filaments occupying the I bands • One end bound to α-actinin (major protein of Z disk)Actin
• Covers the binding site (underwear)Tropomyosin
• Responsible for the control Two minute strands pearls twisted together.Troponin
attaches troponin complex to tropomyosinTroponin T
Inhibits actin-myosin bindingTROPONIN I
calcium binding protein; displaces tropomyosinTroponin C
• Largest protein in the body • Tethers myosin to Z lines (scaffolding) • Binds Z line to M lineTitin
• Attaches to plasmalemma • Stabilizes plasmalemma and prevents contraction-induced ruptureDystrophin
Binds actin to Z linesActinin and CAPZ protein
Binds Z lines to plasma membraneDesmin
• Myosin head is attaching to a new binding site • Myosin head is displaced toward the positive end of actinRecocking
• Actin towards the negative polePower stroke=force
• “electricity” • stimulus that causes rapid depolarization and repolarization • causes muscle to contractAction Potential
change in charges - inside becomes more + and outside more – - Na+ channels openDepolarization
- Na+ channels close - change back to resting potentialRepolarization
- pumps Na+ out of cell and transports K+ into cell - restores balanceSodium Potassium Pump
nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibersMotor neuron
where nerve cell and muscle fiber meetNeuromuscular junction (synapse)
end of nerve cell (axon)Presynaptic terminal
muscle fiber membranePostsynaptic membrane
space between presynpatic terminal and postsynaptic membraneSynaptic Cleft
- in presynaptic terminal - store and release neurotransmittersSynaptic Vesicles
- chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle fiber - Ex. AcetylcholineNeurotransmitter
group of muscle fibers that motor neuron stimulatesMotor unit
person dies and no ATP is available to release cross- bridgesRigor mortis
Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are due tosarcomeres (actin and myosin).
muscle contracts or doesn’t (no in between)All or None Law
nonmovable endOrigin
movable endInsertion
middle of the muscleBelly
muscles that work togetherSynergists
muscles that oppose each otherAntagonist
raises eyebrows (forehead)Occipitofrontalis
allows blinking (eyes)Orbicularis oculi
kissing muscle (mouth)Orbicularis oris
smiling muscle (cheek)Zygomaticus
chewing (mastication) muscleMasseter
elevate ribs for inspirationExternal intercostals
depress ribs during forced expirationInternal intercostals
moves during quiet breathingDiaphragm
- center of abdomen - compresses abdomenRectus abdominis
- sides of abdomen - compresses abdomenExternal abdominal oblique
compresses abdomenInternal abdominal oblique and Transverse Abdominis
- shoulders and upper back - extends neck and headTrapezius
- chest - elevates ribsPectoralis major
between ribs - elevates ribsSerratus anterior
- shoulder - abductor or upper limbsDeltoid
- 3 heads - extends elbowTriceps brachii
- “flexing muscle” - flexes elbow and shoulderBiceps brachii
flexes elbowBrachialis
- lower back - extends shoulderLatissimus dorsi
4 thigh musclesQuadriceps femoris
- front of thigh - extends knee and flexes hipRectus femoris
extends kneeVastus lateralis,Vastus medialis and Vastus intermedius:
adducts thigh and flexes kneeGracilis
- hamstring - back of thigh - flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hipBiceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
- front of lower leg - inverts footTibialis anterior
- calf - flexes foot and legGastrocnemius
- attaches to ankle - flexes footSoleus
What are the 4 functional groups of skeletal muscle?Prime Movers,Antagonist,Synergists,Fixators
One of the Functional Groups of skeletal muscle that is responsible for adduction.Prime movers
One of the Functional Groups of skeletal muscle that reverse the particular movement of prime movers. responsible for abduction.Antagonists
One of the Functional Groups of skeletal muscle that helps the prime movers. Lending a little extra oomph and stabilizing joints against dislocation.Synergist
Group of muscle fibers that all get their signals from the same,single motor neuron.Motor Units
Motor neuron may synapse with & innervate,a thousand muscle fibers.Large motor units
No matter how large or small,responds to a single action potential those fibers quickly contract and release,in what you call?TWITCH
What are the three distict phases of twitch?Latent Period,Period of contraction,Relaxation Period
What distict phases of twitch,when the stimulus arived,but no force is being produced.Latent Period
What distict phases of twitch,when myosin head are binding,and pulling,and releasing,over and over,and the muscle fibers contract.Period of Contraction
What distict phases of twitch,When the calcium gets pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum,and the actin and myosin stop the binding cycle.Relaxation Period
one muscle can produce a variation of smoooth forces. they're generally affected by both the frequency and strength with which they're stimulated.Graded Muscle
twitches end up adding to each other as they get closer together in time,this happens when relaxation are being occur and anothenr contraction happens.Temporal Summation
When all those little twitches blend together until they feel like one gigantic contraction.This is when you use all your force in contraction nonstop until you gets fatigue.Tetanus